Transcript Neuroethics, Neurochallenges: A Needs

Brain Imaging and Lie Detection:
Avoiding a Collision between
Neuroscience and the Justice System
Judy Illes, Ph.D.
Judicial Seminar on Emerging Issues in Neuroscience
Stanford University
2006
Center for Biomedical Ethics, Program in Neuroethics
Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics
Stanford University
A Return to the Fish Story
The fish I caught was
this big …
Dana Press, 2004
Outline
• Baseline
 Technology and experimental models
 Neural circuitry
• Ethical obstacles and challenges
 Conceptual and behavioral
 Technical
 Policy
• Lessons from the history of neuroscience,
admissibility, varying scenarios,
conclusions
From Antiquity to Present
EEG:
MEG:
Electrical signals
Current sources and sinks
PET and SPECT:
Blood flow and metabolic activity
Functional MRI
Behavior
Functional
Brain Anatomy
Non-invasive, small clinical risk
arterial
Perform
a Task
Increased
Neuronal
Activity
HbO2
Hb
Increased
Oxygenated
Blood Flow
venous
Activation
Map
The fMRI Experiment
Stimulus
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
Response
”B" state images
=
"A" state images
Activation map
Courtesy of Gary Glover, PhD
Trends in Research with fMRI
Trends in Research with fMRI
100.0
motor
sensory1
sensory2
cognition1
cognition2
emotion
% of Articles
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Year
Illes et al., Nat. Neuroscience, 2003
Moral Judgement
Posterior
Cingulate/Precuneus
Emotional/Social
Cognition Areas
Medial Frontal Cortex
Brain Activity
% change MR signal
“Cognitive” Areas
Superior Temporal Sulcus
Dorsolateral Prefrontal
Cortex (PFC)
Personal Moral
Dilemmas
Impersonal Moral
Dilemmas
Non-moral
Dilemmas
Greene et al., Science, 2001
Rational Decision-making
Personality
Correlation with
Extraversion
Activation
Mean Correlation
Scatterplot
Fear
T Value
T Score
3
2
1
0
-1
r = .20
p = .24
T Score
3
Happy
2
1
0
L
R
-1
r = .71
p < .002
30
40
50
Extraversion Score
Canli et al., Science, 2002
De Martino et al., Science, 2006
Lying and Deception
(of ~20 in Research Articles in PubMed)
• Spence et al., 2001
 True/false about subject’s daily activities
• Langleben et al., 2002; Davatzikos et al., 2005
 True/false about playing card in subject’s possession
• Lee et al. 2002
 True/false about autobiographical information
• Ganis et al., 2003
 True/false about life narrative
• Kozel et al. 2005; Mohamed et al. 2006
 True/false mock crime
Critical Nodes in Neural Circuitry
Anterior prefrontal area
Ventromedial prefrontal area
Dorsolateral prefrontal area
Parahippocampal areas
Anterior cingulate, left posterior cingulate
Temporal and subcortical caudate
Right precuneous
Left cerebellum
Insula
Putamen, caudate, thalamus
Regions of temporal cortex
Entrepreneurial Efforts
• No Lie MRI
• Cephos
• Human Bionics
• N=? Supported by the military and intelligence
community
Outline
• Technology and experimental models
• Neural circuitry
• Ethical obstacles and challenges
 Conceptual and behavioral
 Technical
 Policy
• Lessons from the history of neuroscience,
admissibility, varying scenarios, conclusions
Does imaging visualize human thought?
Visualizing Human Thought
No: Thought is a composite of cognitive functions involving
- information processing,
- the disposition of an individual to information,
and
- individual methods of integrating information
into an internal schema and responding to it.
Imaging does, however, visualize correlates of the cognitive
functions that humans harness to create thought.
Conceptual and Behavioral
Issues
• Human behavior is complex, involving:
memory, intention, motivation, planning and executive
function, monitoring, mood, daily physiology
+
consciousness,
will
and language
• Lying and deception require all of the above,
+
Inferences about:
another person’s intent or position
gullibility
Conceptual and Behavioral
Issues, cont’d
• Lying and deception are different:
Lying: Frank misinformation that states an erroneous
conclusion.
Deception: Misleading information, omission, distortion
that leads to an erroneous conclusion.
• There are good and bad liars (and deceivers).
• There are everyday liars and there are pathologic liars.
• There are dark lies and white lies.
It is not a lie, it's a terminological inexactitude.
Also, a tactical misrepresentation.
Alexander Haig
Of course I lie to people. But I lie altruistically–for our mutual
good. The lie is the basic building block of good manners.
Quentin Crisp
No man has a good enough memory to make a successful liar.
Abraham Lincoln
I never had sex with that woman.
Bill Clinton
Technical Issues
• Paradigmatic (Standards of practice, quality
control)







Instrumentation
Study design
Experimental parameters; internal/external validity
Socioculturally-appropriate stimuli
Subject N’s and relevance
Data geography (ROIs)
SNR /statistical approach(es)
• Analytic
 Localization vs. networks
 Repeat scanning and learning effects
 Motivation-mitigated neural signatures
Ethics & Policy Issues
• Privacy
• Context
 Autonomy, Coercion
•Accused, victims (false memories)
•Children and adults (stigma, profiling)
• Justice
 What goal? What uses?
•Proximate
Definitive or adjunctive information? Degree?
Motivation? Intent? Screening/prediction?
•Long-range
• Nonmalficence
 False positives/false negatives
 Unexpected clinical finding
The Case of SH
Courtesy of The Lucas MR Imaging Center, Stanford University
Ethics & Policy Issues
• Countermeasures (internal and external [e.g, beta
blockers, TMS])
• Allocation of scarce resources for research
• Oversight - By whom and how
• Moral culpability (Kulynych 2002)
Risks and Troubling Concerns
• Premature adoption of technology
• Misuse, mischievous covert use
• Technically incorrect use (equipment, personnel)
• Outcome of false positives
• Outcomes of true positives
• Conflict of interest (overzealous “lie catchers”; quotas)
• Public perception
Brain Fingerprinting,
Polygraphy, MRI
• What’s new?
 Technical sophistication (but consider cost and
availability)
 Power of the image
 Type of measure (emotional [physiologic vs.
cognitive])
 Promise of new technology may be considerable
Kozel et al., Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004.
Brain Fingerprinting,
Polygraphy, MRI
• Reflecting on the past
FORENSIC TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
When the truth really matters... count on us
 Similarities are conceptual,
ethical & technical
•
•
•
•
•
Experimental paradigms
Meaning
Interpretation
Autonomy
Use and outcomes (how and by
whom)
• Countermeasures
• Sensitivity/specificity metric…
only the If, not the What
http://www.brainwavescience.com/HarringtonSummary.php
Outline
• Technology and experimental models
• Neural circuitry
• Ethical obstacles and challenges
 Conceptual and behavioral
 Technical
 Policy
• Lessons from the history of neuroscience,
admissibility, varying scenarios,
conclusions
Coverage of fMRI in the
International Print Press
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Year
“The brain can’t lie: Brain scans reveal how you think
and even how you might behave.”
--The Guardian, 2003
Racine, Bar-Ilan, Illes, fMRI in the Public Eye, NRN, 2005
Lessons from the History of
Neuroscience
•
•
•
•
Prefrontal lobotomies (1935)
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (1986)
Mozart Effect (1993)
Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine/autism (1998)
Different Scenarios
•
•
•
Convicted facing sentencing
Accused
Screening
Admissibility
Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592 n.10
• Has the theory or technique can be or has been
tested?
• Has it been subjected to peer review and
publication?
• Does the technique have a known or potential rate
of error and are there are standards controlling its
operation?
• Does the theory or technique enjoys general
acceptance within a relevant scientific
community?
Scientists and legal
scholars
seeking standards of
practice and a common
voice and language
Knowledge
Cycle
Critical voice of
caregivers, stakeholders,
and the public in matters
of neuroscience discovery
Engaged world press
dedicated to a close
partnership between
science and journalism
Responsibility:
Scholars in Neuroscience,
the Humanities and Law
• Moral efficacy
 Ensure the right questions are asked.
• Observation
 Provide impartial observation.
• Linkage
 Provide guidance in linking moral beliefs to moral theory and
tradition.
• Bridges
 Introduce new approaches that facilitate and support improved
science literacy, and wise acceptance and measured introduction of
new technology.
Adapted from Illes, Racine, Kirschen, in
Neuroethics: Defining the Issues in Theory, Practice and Policy,
Oxford University Press, 2006
Conclusions
Get involved
Contribute
Impart
knowledge
Acknowledgments
Program in Neuroethics
http://neuroethics.stanford.edu
The Greenwall Foundation
The Dana Foundation
NIH/NINDS #NS045831