Transcript The Six Kingdoms

The Six Kingdoms
Biology I and II
Main Idea
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The most widely used biological classification
system has six kingdoms within three domains.
Three Domains/Six Kingdoms
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Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
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Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cellular structure and methods of obtaining energy help
distinguish organisms among the kingdoms.
Prokaryotes
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Unicellular
Microscopic
No internal membrane bound organelles
Autotrophs/heterotrophs;
photosynthetic/chemosynthetic
3 shapes
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Cocci (spherical chains)
Bacilli (rod shaped)
Spirochetes (spiral shaped)
Found in nearly all environments
2 Domains and Kingdoms: Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria
Prokaryotic Reproduction
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Reproduction by asexual means
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Binary fission – chromosome replicates causing
the cell to elongate and eventually split in two
Reproduction by sexual means
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Conjugation – two prokaryotes attach to each other
and exchange genetic information
Results in new genetic combination
Archaebacteria
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Few hundred species
Oldest forms of life
Live in extreme environments
Most environments are oxygen free
Differ from other prokaryotes
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Lipids in cell membrane
Cell wall composition
DNA, proteins, rRNA sequences
Archaebacteria
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3 kinds
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Thermoacidophiles – live in hot, acidic
environments
Halophiles – live in salty environments
Methanogens – obligate anaerobes; found in
swamps, bogs, volcanic vents, human intestines
Eubacteria
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All other prokaryotes
strong cell walls made of peptidoglycan
simple genetic makeup
Live in most habitats, except the extreme ones
Cyanobacteria are blue-green, red, or yellow
photosynthetic autotrophs that live in habitats
with lots of light (ex. Ponds, streams, moist
land) and are the exception to the unicellular
form.
Eubacteria
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Chemosynthetic autotrophs break down and
release inorganic compounds (inorganic 
organic) without the use of light energy
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Especially useful for the break down and release of
nitrogen or sulfur
Keep nitrogen and inorganic compounds cycling
through the environment
Photosynthetic autotrophs carry out
photosynthesis in the presence of light to make
organic molecules used as food.
Bacteria
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Most are important and beneficial
Can produce endospores (a type of dormant cell),
which causes botulism or tetanus
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in roots of plants
Used in food and antibiotics
Probotics live in the intestines and produce certain
vitamins, enhance absorption of nutrients, and
strengthen the immune system
Bacteria
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Prokaryotic structure:
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Chromosome – single DNA molecule arranged as a circle
Cell wall – surrounds the plasma membrane offering
support and preventing bursting
Capsule – gelatinous capsule around cell wall; more likely
to cause disease with a capsule
Plasma membrane – regulatory boundary
Pilus – extensions of the plasma membrane; helps stick to a
surface; bridge for exchanging DNA
Plasmid – small circular chromosome
Flagellum – long, whiplike protrusions for movement
Bacteria
Viruses
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Non-living strand of genetic material within a
protein coat
Identified by their nucleic acids
To replicate – must enter a host cell and inject
genetic material into host cell’s cytoplasm
Lytic cycle – virus causes the host cell to
replicate the virus until the host cell bursts
Lysogenic cycle – virus’ genetic material is
integrated in the chromosome of the host cell
Prions
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A protein that can cause infection or disease
Normally exist in cells
Coil shaped
Protists
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“Catch-all Kingdom”
Very diverse
Eukaryotic
Unicellular/multicellular
Autotroph/heterotroph
Small or large
Typically found in damp or aquatic
environments
Protists
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Animal-like
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Protozoans
Single-celled
Amoeba – shapeless and moves by pseudopods
Paramecium – moves by cilia
Parasites
Have a contractile vacuole (pumps excess water out)
Live in fresh water
Uses osmosis
Heterotrophs
Protists
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Plant-like
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Autotrophs
Contain chlorophyll (photosynthesis)
Algae – no roots, stems, leaves, or flowers –
different colors – classified by color and structure
Diatoms – unicellular, glasslike outer shell
Diatomaceous earth – dead diatoms – used in
toothpaste and cleaners
Euglena – autotrophic and heterotrophic
Protists
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Fungi-like
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Decompose dead organisms
Able to move from place to place
Slime molds, downy mildews, water molds
Very colorful
Acellular slime molds go through haploid and
diploid phases during its life cycle.
Cellular slime molds reproduce sexually and
asexually.
Protists
Fungi
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Grows anywhere that has moisture
Most are multicellular
Few are single-celled (yeasts)
Decomposers
Extracellular digestion
Heterotrophs
Fungi
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Major Features
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Cell walls made of chitin (strong, flexible
polysaccharide)
Hyphae – filaments that make up the body to form
a net-like mass called a mycelium – look like
branches with lots of nuclei inside
Septa – walls that form between nuclei in the
hyphae – not found in all fungi
Fungi
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Saprophytes – feed on dead organic matter to recycle
nutrients
Parasites – absorb nutrients from living cells of
another organism
Lichen is a fungus and green algae in a mutualistic
relationship and is very important to the environment
because they break down rocks and enrich the soil
with nutrients.
Fungi
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Reproduction
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Budding – asexual – used by unicellular yeast cells
Fragmentation – asexual reproduction that occurs
when the mycelium is physically broken apart or
fragmented
Spore production – asexual and sexual – spore is a
haploid cell with a hard outer coat the develops
into a new organism with or without the fusion of
gametes
Fungi
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Beneficial and harmful
Mushrooms and yeast are used in food
Penicillium is used in antibiotics
Rusts and smuts destroy crops and timber
Some spores are fatal if inhaled by humans.
Plants
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Eukaryotic
Multi-cellular
Autotrophs – produce food through photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen
Cell walls of cellulose
Classified by divisions
Contain vascular tissues – xylem (carries water) and
phloem (carries food)
Plants
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Basic Features
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Cuticle – waxy, fatty coating on the outer surface
of the cells – helps prevent evaporation and protect
against microorganisms
Stomata – openings in the outer layer of cells that
enables the exchange of gases
Vascular tissues
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Xylem carries water
Phloem carries food
Plants
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2 groups: vascular and nonvascular
Vascular: seedless and seed bearing
Seed bearing: gymnosperms and angiosperms
Angiosperms: monocots and dicots
Nonvascular Plants
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No vascular tubes, roots, stems, or leaves
3 divisions
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Bryophyta – mosses with root-like rhizoids that
anchor them to the soil or surface
Anthocerophyta – horworts
Heptaticophyta - liverworts
Water moves by osmosis and diffusion
Small plants
Undergoes alternation of generations
Alternation of Generation
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Haploid gametophyte generation
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Produces gametes
Fertilization produces a diploid zygote that
undergoes mitosis to form a multicellular
sporophyte
Diploid sporophyte generation
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Produces spores that can grow to form the next
gametophyte generation
Vascular Plants
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Contains vascular tissues
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Xylem – carries water and minerals UP to the stem
and leaves
Phloem – carries food AWAY from the leaves
Have roots, stems, and leaves
Woody and non woody
Spore (or seedless) and seed bearing
Seedless Vascular Plants
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Large
Adapted to drier environments
2 divisions
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Lycophyta – club mosses
Pterophyta – ferns and horsetails
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Ferns can reproduce asexually by producing spores
Vascular Seed Plants
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Produce seeds that have one or more
cotyledons
Cotyledon – structure that either stores food or
helps absorb food for the tiny sporophyte
Angiosperms – plants whose seeds are part of
fruits
Gymnosperms – plants whose seeds are not
part of fruits
Vascular Seed Plants
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5 divisions
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Cycadophyta – gymnosperms – have cones which contain
the male and female reproductive structures – found in the
tropics or subtropics
Gnetophyta – can live as long as 1500 – 2000 years – found
mainly in Africa
Ginkgophyta
Coniferophyta – conifers like pines, firs, cypresses, and
redwoods – gymnosperms – reproductive structures found
in cones
Anthophyta – flowering plants with either annual, biennial,
or perennial life spans
Monocots vs. Dicots
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Monocots
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has only 1 seed leaf
Parallel leaf veins
Flower parts in groups of
3
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Dicots
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2 seed leaves in the seed
Netted veins
Flower parts in groups of
4 or 5
Flowers
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3 basic parts
Petal – protects and attracts
Stamen- male part of the flower
Pistil – female part of the flower
Pollination is a form of reproduction.
Self-pollination – stamen and pistil are in the same
flower
Cross pollination – pistil and stamen are on different
flowers
Roots
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Tip of the root is covered by the root cap that
helps protects root tissues
Epidermal layer covers the root and helps
absorb water and dissolved minerals
The layer below the epidermal layer is the
cortex, where all water and nutrients must go
to be taken up by the vascular tissues.
Stems
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Supports and transports
Cells produced by the apical meristem result in
an increase in the length of the stem.
The increase in stem diameter is due to the
production of cells by the vascular cambium.
Leaves
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Main function is photosynthesis
Water evaporates from the inside to the outside
through the stomata by the process of transpiration
Structure
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Cuticle
Upper and lower epidermal layer
Palisade mesophyll layer – contains chloroplasts
Spongy mesophyll
Vascular bundle
Animals
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Multi-cellular
No cell wall or chloroplasts
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophs
3 types of symmetry
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Asymmetrical – no certain shape
Radial symmetry – arranged around a central point
Bilateral symmetry – divides lengthwise
Animals
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2 main categories
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invertebrates
vertebrates
Invertebrates phylum (no backbone): porifera,
cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, mollusca,
annelida, arthropoda, echinodermata
Vertebrates phylum: Chordata (backbone and
nerve chord)
Reproduction
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Asexual
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Budding
Fragmentation
Regeneration – regrowing of a body part
Parthenogenesis – eggs develop without
fertilization
Sexual
Development
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Zygote is fertilize and begins to undergo mitosis.
Blastula, a fluid filled ball of cells, forms.
Continued mitotic division forms a gastrula, which
occurs when some of the cells move inward (looks
like a double bubble).
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Inner layer of cells – endoderm (digestive organs)
Outer layer of cells – ectoderm (nervous tissue and skin)
Middle layer of cells – mesoderm (muscular tissue,
circulatory system, excretory system, and respiratory
system)
Sponges
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Phylum Porifera
Asymmetrical
No tissues
Two independent layers of cells with jelly-like
substance inbetween
Filter feeders
Sessile
Most reproduce sexually
Cnidaria
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Phylum Cnidaria
Ex. Jelly fish and sea anemone
Have one body opening and most have two layers of
cells
Does have tissues - outer layer protects, inner layer
digests
Armed with tentacles with stinging cells called
cnidocytes, which hold nematocysts
Nervous system consists of a nerve net
No blood vessels, respiratory system, or excretory
organs
Flatworms
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Most are parasites
Feed on dead or slow moving organisms
One body opening – food taken in and excreted here
No circulatory or respiratory systems
Use diffusion to move gases and nutrients
Reproduce sexually and asexually (regeneration)
Contains a ganglion (a group of nerve cell bodies that
coordinates messages)
Roundworms
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Phylum Nematoda
Bilateral symmetry and cylindrical
Found in salt and freshwater and on land
Parasites and heterotrophs
No circulatory or respiratory systems
Depend on diffusion to move gases and nutrients
Ganglia and nerve cords coordinate responses
Reproduce sexually
Mollusks
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Phylum Mollusca
Found in salt and fresh water and on moist land
Bilateral symmetry
Soft internal body, digestive tract with 2 openings,
muscular foot, and a mantle (membrane that
surrounds internal organs)
Contains gills (respiratory), a nervous system, and
can have an open or closed circulatory system
Wastes expelled by nephridia
Reproduce sexually
Segmented Worms
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Phylum Annelida
Bilateral symmetry
Contains a digestive tract with a crop (organ that
stores food) and a gizzard (grinds food)
Closed circulatory system
Gases taken in and given off through moist skin
Nephridia help excrete wastes
Brain, nerve cord, and ganglia present
Setae (tiny bristles) aid in movement
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Arthropods
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Phylum Arthropoda
Segmented bodies and tough exoskeletons with jointed
appendages
Many have antennae
Head, thorax, and abdomen segments (cephalothorax is combo
of head and thorax)
Mandibles (jaws) aid in feeding and one way digestive tract
digests food
3 respiratory structures: gills, tracheal tubes, or book lungs
Circulatory system transports nutrients and removes wastes
Wastes are excreted through malpighian tubes
Reproduce sexually
Echinoderms
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Phylum Echinodermata
Radial symmetry
Spiny endoskeletons
Water-vascular systems (fluid filled closed tubes)
Tube feet with suction-cuplike structures
Respiration – tube feet and diffusion; may have gills
Circulation – water-vascular system
Contain sensory and motor neurons
Reproduce sexually and asexually (regeneration)
Vertebrates
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Phylum Chordata has 5 main classes.
Mammals
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warm-blooded
constant body temp
four limbed
feed young milk
generally covered with hair
Includes monotremes, marsupials, placentals
Vertebrates
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Reptiles
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Cold-blooded
Body temp changes
Four-limbed vertebrates, except snakes
Lays eggs
Covered with bony scales
Ex. Lizards, snakes, turtles
Vertebrates
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Amphibians
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Cold-blooded
Body temps changes
Usually aquatic larva stage
Moist slimy skins
Scales are absent in most
Ex. Frogs, salamanders
Vertebrates
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Fish
 2 types
 cartilaginous
(chondrichthyes)
 bony fish
(osteichthyes)
 Have gills
Vertebrates
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Aves (birds)
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Warm blooded
Usually have 4 limbs –
wings and feet
Covered with feathers
Scales on feet
Ex. Robin, sparrow,
crow