Transcript night Sun

UNIT 6
PROCESS 2
ACTIONS IN SEQUENCE (‫)أعمال في السلسلة‬
Section 1
Preceding (before ‫سابقة‬
َ ‫)ال‬
Simultaneous(at the same time ‫)المتابعة‬
Following (after ‫)اآلنية‬
Before (preceding) ‫قبل ذلك‬
ْ َ‫ي‬
• Before the sun appears over the horizon( ‫هر على‬
ُ ‫ظ‬
‫ )األفق‬the sky begins to lighten(‫)يضيىء‬.
As (simultaneous / same time) ‫ك كما‬
• As the sun appears over the horizon light
increases (‫)يزيد‬.
After (following) ‫بعد‬
• After the sun appears over the horizon sun climbs
up (‫ )يرتفع‬the sky.
When (approximately at the same time or soon after) ‫عندما‬
• When the sun rises, the day begins.
Until (up to the event mentioned) ‫كر‬
َ َ‫)حتى(إلى الحدث ذ‬
• The day continues until the sun sets.
Each sentence contains two events, X and Y.
Read out the sentences which means:
Note: X stands for 1st event, Y stands for 2nd event.
ُ ‫ )يَ ْح‬at the same time as Y.
a) X occurs (‫دث‬
(simultaneously with Y) As
b) X occurs approximately at the same time as
or soon after Y (almost simultaneously with
Y) When
c) X precedes Y. (X occurs before Y) Before
d) X follows Y. (X occurs after Y) After
e) Y is at the end of X (X continues up to Y) Until
Now complete these sentences.
f) After the sun rises, air temperature rises.
g) When the sun reaches the highest point in the
sky, it begins to descend.(‫)يَبْدأ ُ للنُ ُزول‬
h) After the sun descends, the air temperature falls.
i) Before the sun sets, it approaches(‫قترب‬
ُ
َ‫ )ي‬the
horizon.
j) After the sun sets, the sky becomes completely
dark. (‫)الظالم‬
k) As the sun sets, the day ends.
l) The night begins after the sun sets.
m) The night continues(‫ )لليل يَستمر‬until the sun rises.
Number these events in the order in which they
occur when water is heated. Give simultaneous
actions the same number.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
The water becomes hot. (3)
The gas is lit. (2) (simultaneous with 1)
Bubbles appear. (4)
Steam appears. (8) (simultaneous with 7)
The gas is turned on. (1)
Bubbles burst. (6)
Bubbles rise to the surface. (5)
The water evaporates. (7)
Complete these sentences.
i) As the water evaporates, steam appears.
j) As soon as the bubbles burst, the water
evaporates.
k) When the bubbles rise to the surface, they
burst.
l) As soon as the gas is turned on, it is lit.
m) Before the gas is lit, it is turned on.
n) After the water becomes hot, bubbles appear.
o) As soon as the bubbles appear, they rise to
the surface.
Number these events in the order in which
they occur. Give simultaneous actions the
same number.
a) The water ceases boiling.
(5)
b) The flame is extinguished.
(4)
c) The water starts to boil.
(1)
d) The water continues boiling. (2)
e) The gas is turned off.
(3)
f) The bubbles disappear.
(6)
 Writer complete sentences joining these pairs of events
and making any other necessary changes:
 Use one of the expressions:
When, before, until, after, as soon as
• *e + b
Example: As soon as the gas is turned off, the flame is extinguished.
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d + *b The water continues boiling until the flame is
extinguished.
*c + d When the water starts to boil, it continues
boiling.
*a + e The water ceases boiling after the gas is turned
off.
*b + a As soon as the flame is extinguished, the water
ceases boiling.
*a + f When the water ceases boiling, the bubbles
disappear.
Section 2
Sequence
• Look at the diagram and observe these words.
up along down round across over from
past into through out of
Now complete this description:
A road leaves the capital at x. It goes up a
mountain, along a ridge and down the other side.
It goes round a volcano, across a river and over
a hill. It joins the road from z at the junction, j. It
goes past a lake and into a forest. It goes through
the forest at a and comes out of the forest at b.
the road reaches the sea at y.
 Look at these sentences:
• After the road leaves the capital at x, it goes
up the mountain.
• After leaving the capital at x the road goes up
the mountain.
• When the road reaches a, it goes into the
forest.
• On reaching a, the road goes into the forest.
• As it goes between the hill and the lake, the
road joins the road from z.
• While going between the hill and the lake, the
road joins the road from z.
 Change these sentences into the second form:
• After the road goes round the volcano, it crosses the river.
After going round the volcano, the road crosses the river.
• Before the road enters the forest, it passes the lake.
Before entering the forest, the road passes the lake
• When the road emerges from the forest, it is near the sea.
On emerging from the forest, the road is near the sea.
• After the road ascends the hill, it goes along the ridge.
After ascending the hill the road goes along the ridge.
• Before it goes round the volcano, the road descends the mountain.
Before going round the volcano the road descends the mountain.
• As it goes between the hill and the lake, the road joins the road
from z.
While going between the hill and the lake, the road joins the road
from z.
• When the road reaches the volcano, it goes round it.
On reaching the volcano, the road goes round it.
• As the road travels from x to y, it crosses a river.
While travelling from x to y, the road crosses a river.
 Look at the diagram on page 53.
• Write nine sentences using the opening phrases in the
diagram.
• Example: After leaving the capital at a, the railway goes
past the airport.
1) On reaching the tunnel at a, the railway passes under
the mountain.
2) After leaving the tunnel at y, the railway goes up a ridge.
3) Before descending the ridge, the railway makes several
turns.
4) On reaching at j, the railway joins a railway line from c.
5) Before crossing the desert, the railway goes past a lake.
6) While crossing the desert, the railway passes an oasis.
7) After crossing the desert, the railway goes up a hill.
8) Until reaching the frontier, the railway descends .

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
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Look at these sentences:
While crossing the desert, the railway passes an oasis.(‫)الواحة‬
The railway crosses the desert, passing an oasis.
(X is simultaneous with Y, or occurs during Y)
Change these sentences into the second form:
While going through the tunnel, the railway passes under the mountain.
The railway goes through the tunnel, passing under the mountain.
While descending the mountain, the railway makes several turns.
The railway descends the mountain, making several turns.
While passing the lake, the railway travels in a semi-circle.
The railway passes the lake, travelling in a semi-circle.
While crossing the desert, the railway passes an oasis.
The railway crosses the desert, passing an oasis.
While approaching the frontier, the railway goes over a hill.
The railway approaches the frontier, going over a hill.
While travelling between the mountain and the lake, the railway joins
the railway line from c.
The railway travels between the mountain and the lake, joining the
railway line from c.
Section 3
Cycle
Stages in the life cycle of a plant
sowing of seed
germination
the seed is
watered
the seed
swells
flowering
growth
roots and leaves
buds form
develop
pollination
formation of fruit
the stigma
the flower
the seeds
receives pollen is fertilized
fall
death of plant
decay
NH3 (the plant decomposes)
 Look at the examples:
 Preceding actions:
• Before the plant germinates, it is watered.
• Before germination, the seed is watered.
• Prior to germination, the seed is watered.
 Following actions:
• After the plant germinates, the roots and leaves develop.
• After germination, the roots and leaves develop.
 Simultaneous actions:
• As the plant germinates, the seed swells.
• During germination, the seed swells.
 And this example:
• After the seed is watered, germination occurs.
• After the seed is watered, germination takes place.
 Answer these questions:
a) What happens prior to germination?
Prior to germination, the seed is watered.
b) What occurs during growth?
During growth the roots and leaves develop.
c) What happens before flowering?
Before flowering, buds form.
d) What takes place after pollination?
After pollination formation of fruit takes place.
e) What happens after the seeds fall?
After the seeds fall, death of the plant occurs.
f) What occurs before the plant decomposes?
Before the plant decomposes, death of the plant occurs.
g) What occurs as the plant decomposes?
As the plant decomposes, NH3 forms.
Ex.9
The water cycle
Join the correct half sentences then write a description of cycle
1. When the sun radiates
6. until they reach high
heat,
land.
2. As soon as the water
8. rain is precipitated.
vapour forms,
10. the water flows back to
3. While rising,
he sea.
4. When the vapour cools,
3. the vapour cools.
5. During condensation,
2. it begins to rise.
6. The clouds then move
5. clouds are formed.
towards land,
4. it condenses.
7. When the clouds reach
high land,
1. sea water evaporates.
8. As the temperature falls,
7. the air temperature falls.
9. On being precipitated,
9. the rain is absorbed by
10. After being absorbed,
the soil.
Section 4
Stages
Look again at the life-cycle of a plant and then read this description:
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First, the seed is sown.
Next, it is watered.
Then, the seed begins to swell.
At this stage, germination begins.
Subsequently, the roots develop.
Meanwhile, the leaves also develop.
Later, flowers appear.
Then, pollination takes place.
During this process, the stigma receives pollen.
Afterwards, the fruit forms.
Eventually, the plant dies.
Finally, the plant decomposes.
1. First
2. Next
3. Then
4. At this stage
5. Subsequently
6. Meanwhile
7. Later
8. Then
9. During this process
10. Afterwards
11. Eventually
12. Finally
1. ‫أولا‬
2. ‫قادم‬
3. ‫ثم‬
4. ‫في هذه المرحلة‬
5. ‫بعد ذلك‬
6. ‫في هذه األثناء‬
7. ‫لحقا ا‬
8. ‫ثم‬
9. ‫أثناء هذه العملية‬
10. ‫بعد ذلك‬
11. ‫في النهاية‬
12. ‫أخيرا ا‬
 The words in italics mark stages in a process.
Give the following:
a) A word which marks the opening, or initial stage.
First.
b) A word which marks the last, or ultimate, stage.
Eventually.
c) Two words which mark next or following stages.
Next, then.
d) Three expressions which mark events occurring some
time later. Later, afterwards, subsequently.
e) Three expressions which mark simultaneous events.
Meanwhile, at this stage, during this process.
f) One word which marks an event occurring after a long
process. Finally
Put these stages in the right order and then match them with
the expressions on the left. Stages in building a house.
1. First,
2. Then,
3. Meanwhile,
9. Subsequently,
8. At this stage,
4. Next,
6. Afterwards,
5. Then,
7. Later,
10. Eventually,
11. Finally,
7. the drains are dug.
3. the materials are bought.
10. the house is painted.
5. the walls are built.
1. the sight is bought.
2. the sight is leveled.
4. the foundations are laid.
11. the house is ready to live in.
6. the roof is made.
8. the doors and windows are put in.
9. the electricity and water systems
are installed.
Section 5
Reading
Look at these questions and then read the
text. Which paragraph answers each
question?
a) How do animals take in carbon?
(3)
b) How is limestone formed?
(6)
c) What is the carbon cycle?
(1)
d) How do plants take in carbon?
(2)
e) How is coal formed?
(5)
f) How do animals give up carbon? (4)
The carbon cycle
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All plants and animals need carbon for growth. Carbon
is present in the atmosphere in the form of carbon
dioxide gas. But it is present only in small amounts.
This means it has to be used again and again. Animals
an plants continually(‫ )بشكل مستمر‬take in and give out carbon
during respiration. They also take it in when they feed,
and give it out when they die. This continual process is
called the carbon cycle.
Why do plants and animals need carbon?
In which form carbon is present in atmosphere?
Is carbon present in large amount?
When do plants and animals take in carbon?
The carbon cycle
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Plants take in carbon from the air during
photosynthesis. In this process, plants use energy
from the sun together with carbon dioxide from
the air. They then make sugars, and other
carbohydrates. The carbohydrates are needed for
the growth of roots, stems and leaves.
When do the plants take in carbon?
In which process the plants use energy from the
sun?
Do the plants take energy from other source?
What is the use of carbohydrates in plants?
The carbon cycle
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The leaves may subsequently(‫ )بعد ذلك‬be eaten
by animals, which digest the carbohydrates.
The carbon is then used for building muscles
and bones. Some of the carbon, however, is
returned to the atmosphere after respiration,
when carbon dioxide is released from the
body.
What do animals eat?
Which animals eat leaves?
What is the use of carbon in animals?
How do the animals release (‫)يطلق‬carbon?
The carbon cycle
When an animal eventually dies,
decomposition(‫ )التفسخ‬of the body tissues takes
place. Through the action of bacteria and
other organisms, the chemicals are broken
down, or decomposed, and carbon dioxide is
released.
• What takes place when an animal dies?
• How are the chemicals broken down?
• What happens, when chemicals are
decomposed?
The carbon cycle
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Some dead plants are buried(‫ )مدفون‬under
earth. Over millions of years, the pressure of
the earth turns them into coal(‫)الفحم‬. When
coal is burned(‫ )يحرق‬to produce heat, carbon
dioxide is released.
What are buried under the earth?
What changes the dead plants into coal?
Why is coal burned?
What is released during burning of coal?
The carbon cycle
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Many tiny animals living in the sea have carbon in their
shells, in the form of calcium carbonate at the bottom
of the sea. These eventually turn into a rock, called
limestone.(‫ )حجر الكلس‬After movements of the earth,
the limestone may reach the surface. The wind and
rain then wear away(‫ )ينهك‬the limestone, and some of
its carbon is once more released into the atmosphere.
Where do the tiny animals in the see have carbon?
In which for carbon is present in shells?
What are the shells called, when they turns into rocks?
Can the limestone reach the surface of the earth?
What wear away the limestone?
Does carbon release, when limestone is wear away?