Transcript Plant Anatomy2

Plant Anatomy
Presented by Brennan Hyden
Parts of plants
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flowers
Fruit
Root functions
• To absorb water and nutrients
• To anchor the plant in the ground or onto a
tree or rock
• In some cases to store water and nutrients
• In some cases to perform photosynthesis
Root
Growth Regions
Root cap protects root as it is
going down through the soil
Area of cell division contains
the meristem which is
responsible for manufacturing
new cells
Area of cell elongation is
where new cells stretch and
push the root down
Area of cell differentiation is
where cells differentiate into
there separate functions
Root
Interior
Root hairs absorb water into root
Water and nutrients then pass through
the epidermis, outer cortex,
endodermis, and inner cortex
Water finally enters the xylem where it
is carried up to the upper part of the
plant
The phloem is located in bundles
outside the xylem where it carries
sugars and nutrients down to the root
cells
In between the xylem and the phloem
is the cambium which contains
undifferentiated tissue and creates new
xylem and phloem
Dicotyledon root
Monocotyledon Root
Elements needed by plants
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Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Sulfur
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Chlorine
Iron
Maganese
Colbalt
Copper
Zinc
Molybdenum
Stem functions
• To transport nutrients to and from the roots,
leaves, flowers, fruit, and other stems
• In some cases to store water and nutrients
• In some cases to perform photosynthesis
Types of stems
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Vertical stems
Bulbs such as onions, garlic, tulips, and lilies
Tubers such as potatos
Rhizomes such as grasses, iris, and orchids
Corms such as crocus
stolons such as in strawberries
Stem Interior
• Stems have very similar anatomy to roots
except that they do not have an endodermis
and all of their vascular tissue is arranged in
bundles
Woody Stems
• In dicotyledons and gymnosperms that form
woody stems, the cambium will connect to
form a ring. This cambium then makes more
vascular tissue forming a tree’s first ring
• The next year the cambium will create
another layer of xylem and phloem, the xylem
will form the second ring and the phloem will
be pushed out and as a result not form a ring
Leaf functions
• To perform photosynthesis
• In some cases to store water and nutrients
Leaf Interior
Specialized leaves
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Bracts
Stipules
Spines
Tendrils
Flowers
Fruits
• Fruits usually form after a flower is
successfully pollinated. Fruits are responsible
for carrying the seeds and protecting them
until they are mature, they usually take
several months to mature
Types of Fruit
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Drupes
Pomes
Berrys
Aggretate fruits
Compound fruits
Achenes
Nuts
Capsules
Pods
Caryopsis
Ways of propagating plants
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Seeds
Division of rhizomes
Seperating or slicing corms and bulbs
Dividing tubers
Seperating runners
Stem and tip cuttings
Leaf cuttings
Root cuttings
Seperating gemmae
Tissue culture
Seeds
• Seeds are generally the only way of sexual
reproduction from plants
• Seeds originate from the ovules in the flower
after pollination and are carried in the fruit in
angiosperms
• In the wild seeds are usually germinated in the
soil
Division of rhizomes
• Grasses, orchids, strawberries, iris, and calla
lilies all have rhizomes
• Rhizomes naturally branch and produce new
growths or plants
• Rhizome branches and sections can be cut
apart or seperated to produce new plants
Corms and bulbs
• Narcissus, tulipia, and lilium grow from bulbs,
crocus and gladiolus grow from corms
• Corms and bulbs naturally produce tiny lateral
corms and bulblets that produce separate
plants
• Corms an bulbs can be sliced into sections and
treated with fungicide and they will produce
new plants
Dividing Tubers
• Potatoes and cyclamen grow from stem tubers
• Sweet potatoes, daylilies, dahlias, and yams
grow from root tubers
• Tubers can produce multiple shoots or
sometimes smaller lateral tubers, these can be
cut apart or seperated to produce new plants
Seperating runners
• Strawberries and spider plants produce
runners on specialized stems called stolons
• Once these runners get roots they can be cut
away from the mother plant and planted on
their own
Stem and tip cuttings
• Wandering jews, jade plants, willows, some
orchids and, many members of the
Euphorbiacea and Crassulaceae families can
be propagated using tip cuttings
• Cuttings are taken from the stem with at least
two to three node from which roots and new
shoots will emerge
Leaf cuttings
• Begonias, jade plants, and many members of
the crassulaceae family can be propagated
using leaf cuttings
• New plants may emerge from the leaf axil, or
another part of the leaf depending on the
type of plant
Root cuttings
• Some plants can be propagated using root
cuttings
• Taking root cuttings involves taking a section
of the root, new roots and shoots will emerge
from the cambium in the root.
Gemmae
• Gemmae are small buds that are produced on
some plants such as pingulas which will
naturally “pop” off and grow into a new plant
Tissue culture
• Tissue culture is a recent discovery of a way to
propagate plants asexually
• This method can produce thousands of clones
from a single plant
• There are several ways of performing tissue
culture which involve using meristems,
protoplasts, embryos and microspores
• The tissue is undifferentiated and is introduced to
auxins to promote root growth and cytokinins to
promote shoot growth
Ways plants grow
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Terrestrial
Semi-Terrestrial
Lithophytic
Epiphytic
Aquatic
Terrestrial
• Terrestrial plants are plants that grow with
their roots in soil
• Terrestrial plants exist in every major biome
• Most plants in tundra, alpine, taiga, temperate
grassland, and scrubland are terrestrial
Semi-Terrestrial
• These are also called quasi-terrestrials
• Semi-terrestrial plants grow with their roots
on top of the soil
• Semi-terrestrials typically only exist in wet,
warm areas like tropical rainforests
Lithophytes
• Lithophytes grow with their roots on rocks
• Lithophytes grow in tropical rainforests,
temperate rainforests, and sometimes in
deciduous forests taiga and tropical savvanna
Epiphytes
• Epiphytes grow with their roots on trees
• Epiphytes are
NOT parasites generally
• Orchids typically grow in tropical rainforests
but some can be found in tropical savanna,
temperate rainforests, deciduous forests, and
taiga
Aquatic plants
• Aquatic plants grow with their roots or the
entire plant in the water
• Auquatic plants exist in every major biome
except alpine and tundra
Other ways plants obtain nutrients
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Carnivorus plants
Mycoheterotrophs
Hemiparasites
holoparasites
Carnivorus plants
• Consume insects and
other small animals
• Photosynthesize
• Includes dionea,
saracenia, darlingtonia,
nepenthes, utricularia,
pingula, drosera, and
heliamorpha
mycoheterotrophs
• Rely on fungi for food
• May or may not
photosynthesize
• Often live underground
• Many temperate
orchids are
mycoheterotrophic or
partially
mycoheterotrophic
hemiparasites
• Photosynthesize
• Obtain some of their
nutrients from other
plants
holoparasites
• Obtain all of their
nutrients from a host
plant
• Often times they consist
of only haustoria
• Includes hydnora
africana, rafflesia, and
cascutta
Noxious weeds
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Linaria vulgaris
Heriacium auriantiacum
Hypericum perforatum
Silybum marianum
Berteroa incana
Cynoglossum officinale
Centaurea Stoebe
Verbascum thapsus
Linaria vulgaris
• Commonly called the
yellow toadflax
• Native to europe and
northern asia
• Perrenial
• 15-90 cm high
• Blooms mid summer to
mid autumn
Heriacum auriantiacum
• Commonly called
hawkweed
• Grows up to 60 cm in
height
• Native to central and
southern Europe
Hypericum perforatum
• Commonly called St.
Johns wort
• Blooms in summer
• 30-100 cm in hieght
Silybum marianum
• Commonly called thistle
• Can be an annual or a
biennial
• 40-100 cm tall
• Flowers from June to
August
• Native to southeast
england
Berteroa incana
• Commonly called hoary
alyssum
• Can be an annual,
biennial, or short lived
perennial
• Native to europe
Cynoglossum officinale
• Commonly called
houndstounge or gypsy
flower
• Can be an annual or
biennial
• Blooms from may to
September
• Native to Europe
Centaurea stoebe
• Commonly called
knapweed
• Native to Europe
• Short lived perennial
• About 1 metre in height
Verbascum thapsus
• Commonly called
mullen
• Native to Europe, Asia,
and northern Africa
• Biennial
Native plants
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Calypso bulbosa
Cypripedium montanum
Lilium columbianum
Anemone multifida
Dodecatheon conjugens
Viola glabella
Frasura albicalus
Balsamorhiza sagittata
Claytonia lanceolata
Erythronium grandiflorum
Calypso bulbosa
• Commonly called fairy
slipper
• Is a native orchid
• 10-14 cm high
• Bloom from may to
June
• Have only one leaf
• If you encounter this
orchid do not step any
closer that one metre
Cypripedium montanum
• Commonly called the
mountain lady’s slipper
• Is a type of orchid
• Grows up to 70 cm tall
• Flowers in summer
Lilium columbianum
• Commonly called the
tiger lily
• Grows from a bulb
• Perrenial
• Grows up to 1.2 metres
tall
• Flowers in late summer
through early autumn
Anemone multifida
• 10-70 cm tall
• Flowers in late spring to
early summer
• perrenial
Dodecatheon conjugans
• Commonly called the
Bonneville shooting star
• Grows from a bulb
• 8-30 centimetres in
height
Viola glabella
• Commonly called the
pioneer violet
• 15-30 cm
• Perrenial
• Blooms late spring to
early summer
Frasura albicaulus
• Commonly called
whitestemed frasura
• 30-80 cm
• Flowers late spring to
mid summer
• Perrenial
Balsamorhizza sagittata
• Commonly called
arrowleaf balsamroot
• 20-60 cm
• Flowers throughout
summer
• Perrenial
Claytonia lanceolata
• Commonly called
lanceleaf spring beauty
• Grows up to 15 cm high
• Perrenial
• Grows from a tuber
Erythronium grandiflorum
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Perrenial
Grows from a bulb
Flowers in mid spring
10-15 cm high
Native Trees
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Pinus ponderosa
Psuedotsuga menziesii
Larix occidentalis
Poplus tremuloides
Poplus trichocarpa
Acer glabrum
Alnus incana
Alnus viridus
Salix bebbena var.bebbiana
Salix drummondrana
Pinus ponderosa
• Commonly called the
ponderosa pine
Psuedotsuga menziesii
• Commonly called
douglas fir
• The tallest one was 120
metres high!
• The douglas fir is not a
fir
Larix occidentalis
• Commonly called
tamarack
• This tree is uniquely
deciduous
Poplus tremuloides
• Commonly called
quaking aspen
• Grows up to 25 metres
tall
Poplus trichocarpa
• Commonly called the
black cottonwood
Acer glabrum
• Is a species of maple
• Grows up to 10 metres
tall
Alnus incana
• Commonly called the
grey alder
• Grows to 15-20 metres
tall
• Has a life span of 60100 years
Alnus viridus
• Commonly called the
green alder or sitka
alder
Salix bebbena var.bebbiana
• Commonlly called the
bebb willow
Salix drummondiana
• Commonly called
drummond’s willow
• Grows 1-5 metres tall
Rafflesia arnoldii
• Largest flower in the
world
• Measure 1 metre across
• Smells like rotton meat
• Flowers wiegh up to 11
kilograms
• Holoparasitic
• Consists only of haustoria
• Grows in indonesian
islands
Rhizanthella gardneri
• This plant grows
entirely underground
• Grows in western
australia
• Mycoheterotrophic
Amorphophallus titanum
• This is the largest
unbranched
inflorescence in the
world
• Tuberous
• Grows in the indonesian
islands
• Male and female
flowers mature at
different times