Transcript What is a pest? - Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education

Integrated Pest Management for
Vegetable Production
Adapted from presentation by: Michelle Grabowski and Jeff Hahn
University of Minnesota Extension
Presenter’s Name
Presenter’s Title
Presenter’s Organization
1
WHAT IS A PEST?
 A living organism that is disruptive to
- human interests
- activities
- valued resources
 An organism out of place
 Name given to problem organisms
 No organism is inherently a pest
2
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
WHY MANAGE PESTS




Crop health
Nuisance
Preserve natural ecosystems
Property damage
3
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
WHAT IS INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT (IPM)?
IPM is a sustainable approach to reduce
pests to a tolerable level
by using the best balance of cultural,
physical, biological, & chemical methods
while minimizing economic, environmental,
and health risks.
4
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
IPM INCLUDES
 A decision making system using
researched-based information
 Understanding of pest biology & interaction with
environment
 Is proactive, not reactive to pest problems
- advocates avoidance and proper timing
- on going process
 Some pests and damage tolerated
 Sets threshold of acceptable damage
5
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
IPM INCLUDES
 Site specific management
 Applicable for all pests in all sites
- insect, disease, weed, wildlife and others
- indoors, outdoors
- natural and managed landscapes
 Integration of diverse control methods (biological,
cultural, physical, chemical etc.)
 Judicious use of pesticides
Many are already doing many of these steps
6
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
IPM FITS WITH…





Organic gardening
Sustainable production
Use of native plants
Efforts to protect water quality
Protection of non-target organisms (bees,
beneficial insects, endangered species,
humans, others)
7
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.





IPM -THE ESSENTIAL STEPS
Plan ahead
Monitor for pests
Identify pests and learn biology
Establish your injury & action thresholds
Select management strategies acceptable &
practical for you
 Evaluate and record results
8
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
PLAN AHEAD
 Anticipate potential pest problems
- Know common pest problems in the area
- Review records of pest problems at the site
- Be aware of pest problems in surrounding
areas
 Consider time of year to most effectively
implement management strategies
- Make sure staff and supplies are prepared to
respond in a timely manner
9
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
TOOLS TO
HELP DETECT
PESTS
 Use tools to help
detect pests
 Calendar dates
 Phenological
development
 Traps
10
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
MONITOR FOR PESTS
 Establish a scouting
strategy
 Know how frequently
to inspect the site
 Learn to identify the
pest & the damage it
causes
http://www1.extension.
umn.edu/garden
11
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
USE ALL INFORMATION
 Recognize conditions
conducive to pests
 Consider past pest
occurrence
 Who else is having this
problem this season
12
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
ESTABLISH ACTION THRESHOLDS
 Highest number of pests tolerable before
unacceptable damage occurs
 Could also be expressed in terms of yield
loss
 Assess damage that is present and
potential damage that could occur
13
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
INSECT PESTS OF VEGETABLES
14
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Identify Pests
15
WWW.EXTENSION.UMN.EDU
16
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
MONITOR FOR INSECTS
 Regularly check your plants for signs of
insects.
 Also check for symptoms.
 Use tools to help detect pests
 Recognize pest habitats
 Keep records of infestation dates from
previous years.
17
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Understanding vegetable
diseases
Fungi
Phytoplasma
Nematode
Bacteria
Virus
18
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
VIRAL SYMPTOMS
 Odd color variations
and malformed leaves
and fruit.
 Unusual random
patterns of greens
and yellows
(mottling), wavy lines
or rings on leaves and
fruit.
19
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
VIRAL SYMPTOMS
 Severe infections may
completely stunt and
deform plants.
 Symptoms are often
most obvious on
young or developing
plant parts
20
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
SQUASH ARE MOST COMMONLY AFFECTED BY
VIRUS
 Mosaic patterns on their leaves
and unusual color patterns on
fruit.
 Both malformed fruits and leaves.
 Spread from plant to plant by
aphids
 Infected seed can also bring virus
into garden.
21
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
TREATMENT
 Control weeds within and around the field.
 Manage aphids and cucumber beetles.
 If disease appears in a few plants, remove
them to prevent further spread of the
disease.
 Clean tools and workers hands with soap
and water after working with infected plants.
 There are no pesticides that can be applied
to reverse or limit the symptoms of viral
infection.
22
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
FUNGI & BACTERIA
Powdery mildew
 Can survive the winter in the soil or in plant
debris.
 Both need moisture to reproduce and spread.
 Spread leaf to leaf and plant to plant from
raindrops or overhead irrigation.
 Spread by the wind
 Spread by unclean tools.
Green Bean Rust
Bacterial Leaf blight
23
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
FUNGAL DISEASES
Botrytis Blight in Lettuce
Late Blight in Tomatoes
24
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
FUNGAL DISEASES
Anthracnose in Beans
Damping off
25
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
FUNGAL DISEASES
Fusarium Wilt on Tomatoes
Downy Mildew on Cucumber
Verticillium Wilt on Eggplant
26
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
EXAMPLES OF CONVENTIONAL
ROTATION WISDOM
 Avoid planting the same crop family in the same
field too often.
 Alternate cover crops with cash crops.
 Alternate deep-rooted crops with shallow, finerooted crops.
 Precede heavy feeders with nitrogen fixing cover
crops.
 Avoid following a root crop with another root
crop.
27
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Crop Family
Plants in this Family
Brassicas
(cabbage family)
Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, all varieties of cabbage, kohl rabi,
cauliflower, kale, mizuna, pak choi, radish, arugula, rutabaga, turnip
Legumes
(bean and pea family)
Solanaceae
(potato and tomato family)
Alliums
(onion family)
Umbeliferae
(carrot and root family)
Snap peas, peas, bush, pole, lima, fava and dry beans
Eggplant, potato, tomato, peppers
Garlic, all varieties of onion, shallot, chive, leek
Celery, celeriac, cilantro, fennel, carrot, parsnip, parsley, dill
Cucurbits
Summer and Winter squash, cucumber, melon, pumpkin
(squash and marrow family)
Chenopodiaceae
(beet family)
Swiss chard, spinach, beet
Miscellaneous
All fruit, mint, oregano, rosemary, sage, basil, lettuce, endive, cress,
Jerusalem artichoke, corn, asparagus, okra, corn salad, chicory
28
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
MONITOR VEGETABLES REGULARLY
 Catch problems early before they become
too large to treat.
 Check lower leaves of plants for new
infections.
 Examine upper and lower sides of leaves,
stems and fruit.
 Pinch off infected parts of plants.
 Identify pest before starting chemical
treatment.
29
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
FUNGICIDES
 Fungicides are preventative and Protective
– Will not cure leaf spots
– Will protect healthy leaves
 Must be applied before disease is severe
 Spray contact fungicides for 100% coverage
Something can be done
Too Late
30
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
LOW IMPACT FUNGICIDES
 Horticultural Oils
– Effective against powdery mildew and other fungal
infections.
 Potassium Bicarbonate
– Closely related to baking soda, safe for humans and
the environment.
– Effective against powdery mildew and other fungal
diseases.
– Must contact fungi to kill it.
 Sulfur: Effective against some diseases.
– Can burn plants, especially if applied in the heat of
the day.
31
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Biological Controls
Trichoderma harzianum
•Parasitizes fungal pathogens
•Only controls fungi in the soil
•Root Shield or Plant Shield
32
PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
USED IN IPM






Do Nothing
Genetic – Tolerant & Resistant Plants
Cultural and Sanitation
Physical/Mechanical
Biological
Chemical
33
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
CHOOSING A MANAGEMENT
STRATEGY







Effectiveness of treatment
Cost and ease of treatment
Availability of equipment, supplies and expertise
Environmental protection
Human safety and health
Use/function/purpose of site
History of the site
34
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
DO NOTHING





Does not negatively affect site
Damage level is tolerable
Insects are not pests
Further damage cannot be prevented
Management is not practical
35
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
GENETIC
 A resistant plant can defend itself against
a pathogen or insect
 Varying levels of resistance exist
 Resistance is specific to one pathogen or
insect
36
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
PLANT RESISTANT OR TOLERANT VARIETIES
 Resistant – A host
plant that will not
become diseased.
However often
qualified as ‘partially’
or ‘moderately’
resistant.
 Tolerant – A host
plant that will become
diseased but will not
be seriously affected.
37
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
GENETIC RESISTANCE TO INSECTS
 Scarlet Nantes variety
carrots is resistant to
aster leafhopper
 Ruby Perfection
Cabbage resistant to
thrips
Whitney Cranshaw
38
© 2010 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
DISEASE RESISTANT VARIETIES
 Look for resistant varieties
on seed packets and in
plant catalogues
 Be suspicious of general
statements like
‘Good Disease
Resistance’
39
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
RESISTANT VARIETIES
 Look for statements that identify a specific
pathogen or disease
40
© 2010 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
CULTURAL CONTROL
 Improve plant growth or vigor
 Make the environment unfavorable for pests
- Change moisture through irrigation or mulch
- Change light exposure and air movement
through pruning, plant spacing or mulch
 Reduce compaction
41
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Cultural/Sanitation
•Manage weeds to reduce
food sources for Colorado
Potato Beetle, stalk
borers…
•Moisture Management:
water deeply and less
frequently for slugs
•Clean debris to eliminate
habitat for overwintering
squash bugs
42
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL
 Physically removing
pests
 Fencing, screening or
other barriers to block
pests
 Traps
43
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
SANITATION
 Remove infested material
- Remove diseased plant material to reduce
spread and to prevent overwintering
- Remove plant material that may contain insect
eggs
 Remove weed flower stalks before they set
seed
44
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
 Recognize, protect & attract natural
predators
– Encourage natural enemies by planting a
variety of flowering plants that bloom
throughout the season.
 Microbial pesticides
45
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Biological
•Recognize natural
enemies
•Biorational controls:
parasitic nematodes
Lady Bug
lacewing
Ichneumon Wasp
Assassin bug
Syrphid Fly
Robber Fly
46
CHEMICAL
 Not used if other management strategies
effectively manage pest
 When necessary, used in addition to other
management strategies
 Use low impact pesticides when effective
and practical
47
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
INSECTICIDES
 Generally used as protective
– Treat where you see problem (don’t anticipate where
insect could occur
– Generally don’t treat preventatively
– In some cases preventative treatment is warranted.
 Must be applied before damage is severe
48
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
LOW IMPACT PESTICIDES
 have a minimal negative effect on
– the environment,
– non target organisms (e.g. bees, wildlife)
– human health
 Often are natural compounds or quickly
biodegradable
 Examples
–
–
–
–
–
Horticultural oils
Potassium bicarbonate
Sulfur
Insecticidal soap
Spinosad
49
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
MICROBIAL PESTICIDES
 Active ingredient is microscopic
organism
– fungus, bacterium or nematode
 Biological control agents
– directly attack the pest
– create a product toxic to the pest
– physically block the pest
 Many are low impact pesticides
 Examples
– Parasitic nematodes, Steinernema spp.
and Heterohabditis spp.
– Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.)
– Trichoderma harzianum
– Bacillus subtilis
50
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
EVALUATE & RECORD RESULTS
 Was management effective?
 If not, why not?
 Plan ahead for next year
51
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Thank You for Attending!
This product was developed with support from the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program, which is funded by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture — National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA). Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations
expressed within do not necessarily reflect the view of the SARE program or the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity
provider and employer.
© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities
Act, this PowerPoint is available in alternative formats upon request. Direct requests to 612-624-1222.
52