Transcript Fungi - cypresswoodsbiology

TEKS 7A, E; 8B, C; 12A, C
Kingdom
Fungi
Note Taking
Underline everything in bold!
Basic Characteristics of Fungi
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Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Decomposers
Heterotrophs
Not mobile
Reproduce using SPORES
Have a cell wall made up of chitin.
Evolution of Fungi
Cladogram
Which of the following
is most closely related
to a mushroom
(fungus)?
WHY?
Recent DNA-based
studies show that
fungi are more similar
to animals than to
plants
Anaerobic Respiration
Some fungi (yeast) are able to release energy
from glucose in the absence of oxygen.
This anaerobic process is called
fermentation.
- CO2 is produced in this process
- The production of CO2 allows bread to
rise.
Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose  Alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP
Basic Structure of a Fungus:
Hyphae are individual filaments that form a dense
cottony mat of called mycelium.
The mycelium is what makes up the body of a
fungus.
Individual Hyphae
In mushrooms, the entire above ground mushroom cap
is the fruiting body.
The fruiting body is the reproductive structure that
contains spores.
Basic Structure of a Mushroom
Fruiting Body:
Most of the fungus lives underground. A Fairy Ring – is a ring of
mushrooms along the outer edge of the fungus.
Fungi grow in a circular pattern out from a center point,
where one spore landed and started to grow.
World’s Largest organism? Armillaria, a pathogenic fungus shown
here afflicting four regions of coniferous forest in Montana, grown out
from a central location. The largest patch below is 8 hectares (300 m) in
diameter. The largest measure so far has been 15 hectares in diameter.
Four Major
Examples of Fungi:
1. Mushrooms
Mushroom Phyla examples:
Toadstool (top left), Shelf Fungi (bottom left), Puff Balls (right)
2. Bread Molds
3. Yeast
Budding
Scar
4. Penicillin mold produces an antibiotic that destroys
bacterial cell walls.
Bacteria
Free
Zone
Bacteria
Smear
Harmful Effects
of Fungi
1. Fungal Disease destroys billons of dollars
worth of crops each year.
Strawberries with Botrytis mold, a plant parasitic fungus
Pink Ear Rot on Corn
Corn
Smut
Examples of fungal diseases of plants:
Wheat Rust (left), ergots on rye (right)
2. Fungi will spoil food.
Rhizopus - common bread mold
3. Fungal Diseases:
-Athlete's Foot
-Ring Worm
-Yeast Infections
Helpful to Humans
• make antibiotics like penicillin
The mold Penicillin
is growing in a
circular pattern on
this orange.
Penicillin “the
antibiotic” is an
extract made from
this fungus.
Helpful to Humans
•Some are edible: some mushroom caps,
morels, and truffles
Pigs are
used to smell
out truffles
Helpful to Humans
•Used in food production:
Blue Cheese
–Cheeses such as Brie, Blue
cheese, Camembert, &
Roquefort
–Bread, Beer, & Wine (Yeast)
–Soy sauce
–Tofu
Bread
Fungi are
also helpful to the
Environment!
Fungi are decomposers,
recycling organic matter.
Lichen – has a symbiotic relationship
between a fungus and algae.
- Provides food for animals
-found in barren soil
- Sensitive to air pollution
Lichen Algal cells live inside the fungus.
Fungus
Algae
Fungus
Mycorrhizae – a symbiotic relationship between a fungus
and plant roots. Fungal hyphae extend into the soil and root,
helping the plant absorb nutrients.
Plant roots covered with fungal hyphae
which increases surface area for
absorption.
The last 2 roots on the far right
do not have mycorrhizae.
Diseases Caused by Fungi
• Potato Blight - Oomycota
Damages leaves of the potato plant
Cause of the 1845 famine in Ireland and
England
• Wheat Rusts - Basidiomycota
Damages leaves and stems; golden-yellow
to red color on leaves and stems
Caused
problems in early 1900’s & 1930’s;
Contributed to the great depression.
• Corn Smuts – Basidiomycota
Large galls on plant; may occur on any
part of plant above ground
Some consider corn smuts a delicacy
• Mildews – Zygomycota
15% of crop losses are due to these
fungal diseases in the temperate regions
of the world
RINGWORM
• Ringworm – Deutermycota (tinea)
Red
itchy skin forming a ring shape
Caused
by the same fungus that causes athlete’s foot
• Athlete’s Foot – Deuteromycota (tinea)
Red, itchy skin on foot; white, wet surface
• Thrush – Yeast (Candida albicans)
Infection of mouth; white
Usually kept in check by bacterial
competition and immune system; May occur
after strong antibiotic treatment; eating
yogurt helps
• Urinary tract infections – Yeast (Candida
albicans)
Itching and burning sensation when
urinating
• Nail fungal infections – Various molds
Yellowing and thickening of the nail
Sometimes difficult to treat