Transcript Chlorophyll a & b - local.brookings.k12.sd.us

Interest Grabber
Section 8-2
Trapping Energy
Have you ever used a solar-powered
calculator? No matter where you go,
as long as you have a light source,
the calculator works. You never have
to put batteries in it.
Go to
Section:
Interest Grabber Answers
Section 8-2
1. A solar-powered calculator uses
solar cells that are found in rows
along the top of the calculator. Into
what kind of energy is the light
energy converted so that the
calculator works?
They convert light energy into
electrical energy.
Go to
Section:
Interest Grabber Answers
Section 8-2
2. Recall that plants use light energy
from the sun to make food. Into what
kind of energy is the light energy
converted by plants?
Plants convert light energy into
chemical energy.
Go to
Section:
Interest Grabber Answers
Section 8-2
3. Most plants, no matter what size
or shape they are, have some parts
that are green. Which parts of a plant
are usually green?
Leaves are green, as are some
stems.
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Section:
Interest Grabber Answers
Section 8-2
4. What does the green color have to do with the
plant’s ability to convert light energy into the
energy found in the food it makes?
The green color is the pigment chlorophyll,
which absorbs light energy
from the sun and converts it to chemical energy
in the process
of photosynthesis.
Go to
Section:
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html
REACTIONS of
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
8-2
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Atoms are
the basic unit of MATTER:
A NUCLEUS contains
______________
PROTONS (+)
______________
NEUTRONS
______________
ELECTRONS
(-)
orbit nucleus in
ENERGY LEVELS
Atoms differ in numbers of
protons, neutrons, & electrons
Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm
Atoms that have
gained or lost
electrons have an
electric charge and
are called
IONS
__________
They are written
with a + or –
next to their
symbol
Na
+
Cl
Atoms/ions important for
living things
Carbon - C
1.____________
2.____________
Oxygen - O
Hydrogen - H
3.____________
Nitrogen - N
4.____________
Sulfur - S
5.____________
Phosphorus - P
6.____________
ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER
TO MAKE MOLECULES
Ex:
Joining 2 HYDROGEN
atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom
makes ________
WATER
A chemical formula tells what kind of
molecules and how many are in a molecule
H2O
EX: ________
Image by: Riedell
________________
SYNTHESIS
= kind of
chemical reaction in which molecules
are produced by joining smaller
molecules together
2 H2 + O2
Hydrogen molecule
→
2 H20
oxygen molecule
2 water molecules
An chemical equation tells what happens in
a chemical reaction when molecules
interact.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20
reactants
→
______________
Molecules that react
http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif
_______________
products
Molecules that are
produced
Chemical reactions need help
to get started
EX: A fire needs a match to get it started.
IT’S LIKE PUSHING A
SNOWBALL UP A HILL . . .
Once you get it up there,
it can roll down by itself
http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg
http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif
Energy required to get a chemical
reaction started
ACTIVATION
= _________________
energy
ACTIVATION
ENERGY
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
CATALYSTS HELP CHEMICAL
REACTIONS HAPPEN FASTER
Catalysts work by ____________
DECREASING the
activation energy required to get a
chemical reaction started.
Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm
CATALYSTS in Living Things
In living systems
PROTEINS called
__________
ENZYMES act as
catalysts to control
chemical reactions.
SEE ANIMATION
of AMYLASE
Remember from
CELL BIO
ENZYMES are PROTEINS
that make chemical
reactions happen
faster
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpg
Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm
PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES
ENZYMES fit together with
SUBSTRATES (reactants) like a
_____________
lock and key to form an
____________________________.
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
PRODUCTS
__________are
released
and enzyme is free to
help again
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif
Video 4
Enzymatic Reactions 2D
See a video about enzyme reactions
-ASE
Many enzyme NAMES end in _____
and the beginning of the name tells
what it does
DNA Polymerase= “polymerizes”
joins monomers to make DNA
Protease=
breaks down proteins
ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP
Section Outline
Section 8-2
8–2 Photosynthesis: An Overview
A. Investigating Photosynthesis
1. Van Helmont’s Experiment
2. Priestley’s Experiment
3. Jan Ingenhousz
B. The Photosynthesis Equation
C. Light Pigments
Go to
Section:
Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS
began centuries ago with this
simple question:
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?
http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
In 1643a Belgian physician
Jan van Helmont
___________________
determined
the mass of a pot of dry soil
and a small seedling.
Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered
seedling had
it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________
gained
__________about
75 kg, but the mass of the
_________
was almost ________________.
soil
unchanged
He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from
the ________…
WATER that was the only thing he had added!
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Van Helmont didn’t realize
the major contribution to
the mass of his tree
was something he
couldn’t see…
carbon dioxide
__________________
from the air.
water
carbon dioxide
Plants use _______
and ______
Carbohydrates
to make ___________________
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1771- An English minister,
Joseph Priestley
_________________________,
discovered that a flame burning
in a closed jar would die out.
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_7.html
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_8.html
live plant in the
If he placed a __________
jar and allowed a few days to
pass, the candle could be lit again.
The plant produced something
“required for burning” that the candle used up
OXYGEN
We now know it was …____________
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1779Jan Ingenhousz
Dutch scientist ________________________
showed Priestley’s plant experiment only
worked if the plant was exposed to
light
_________________
!
http://www.rgg.og.schule-bw.de/Dokus/d-faech/Biologie/Klasse%208/Bilder/Fotosynthese/Ingenhousz-Netz.JPG
THE BIG PICTURE
These experiments led to work by later
scientists who finally discovered that in the
presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water
into carbohydrates and release oxygen.
Carbon
WATER
_____________
+
____________
dioxide
6 CO2 + ____________
6 H 2O
_____________
Sugars
Oxygen
_______________ + ____________
→
C6H12O6 + ____________
6 O2
_______________
In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm
chlorophyll
__________________
and
light energy
__________________
are needed for photosynthesis
to happen.
____________________
Photosynthesis involves a
complex series of chemical reactions, in
which the product of one reaction is
_____________
consumed by the next reaction.
Reaction 1 → Product → Reaction 2 → Product
Y
X
A series of reactions linked in this way is
biochemical pathway
referred to as a __________________________
See a video clip about
PHOTOSYNTHESIS(8B)
Go to
Section:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light &
Water
Light-Dependent
Reaction
oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Carbon
Dioxide
Light-Independent
Reactions
Calvin Cycle
(CH2O)n
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products
LIGHT ENERGY
CO2 + H2O
SUGARS + O2
Sunlight is made up
of many different
wavelengths
_______________
of light
Your eyes “see”
different
wavelengths as
different
colors
___________
http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg
Sizes of Wavelengths
http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html
Plants gather the sun’s energy
with light absorbing molecules
pigments
called ___________.
By: VanderWal
http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg
The main energy
absorbing molecule
in green plants is
___________________
CHLOROPHYLL
CAROTENOIDS
_________________
are pigments too.
(These look yellow,
orange, and brown)
http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg
Carotenoids are what you see
when chlorophyll disappears in
the fall
http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll a
__________________
& ___________________
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a
red
absorbs ________
wavelengths, but
even more
violet
____________light.
red It absorbs very
Blue light.
little ______
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll a
__________________
& ___________________
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
absorbs
______light
and
red
even more
_________
Blue-violet light
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
red
Myth:
Many people think that plants
are green because they
absorb and use green light in
photosynthesis,
BUT . . . .
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as
Pearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
Chlorophyll a & b
do NOT
______________
absorb
green
_______________
wavelengths of
light
Why are plants green?
BECAUSE…
Chlorophyll
absorbs
_____________
light very well in the
blue-violet and red
__________________
regions and
reflects light
_________
in the green
regions of spectrum.
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif
___________________________________
We “see” reflected light
Light wavelengths that are reflected
bounce back to your eyes . . .
so leaves “LOOK” green.
Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html
When you see a plant with yellow
flowers and green leaves, the plant
is reflecting _____________________
yellow and green
wavelengths of light
By: VanderWal
see a plant with yellow and
When you ______
purple flowers, the plant is
_____________
yellow and purple
reflecting
wavelengths of light
By: VanderWal
Plants ________________
mainly
absorb and use
___________________________
red and blue-violet
wavelengths of light
for photosynthesis.
By: VanderWal
Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
Because light is a
form of ___________,
ENERGY
any molecule that
absorbs light also
ABSORBS
___________the
energy from the light.
ENERGY & ELECTRONS
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif
When chlorophyll
absorbs light, the
energy is transferred
to electrons in the
chlorophyll molecule.
ELECTRONS
HIGH ENERGY ____________
make photosynthesis work!
http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif
SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE
STANDARDS
Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis:
The students will be able to:
• explain the biochemical processes that a plant
uses in photosynthesis
• explain the role ADP-ATP cycle has within the
chloroplast of the cell (9-12.L.1.1)
• explain the light reaction (9-12.L.1.1)
• explain the steps of photophosphorylation and
the Calvin Cycle (9-12.L.1.1)
SOUTH DAKOTA
CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular
functions and processes to specialized
structures within cells.
• Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle
Role of enzymes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Core High School Life Science
Performance Descriptors
High school students
performing at the
ADVANCED level:
explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the
Calvin Cycle;
analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes
involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle;
predict the function of a given structure;
High school students
performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions
required to sustain life (…role of enzymes)
describe and give examples of chemical reactions
required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration
synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP,
role of enzymes);
describe the relationship between structure and function
High school students
performing at the
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life
(… role of enzymes)
name chemical reactions required to sustain life
(hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis,
cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes);
recognize that different structures perform different
functions;
SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE
STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things.
9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and
chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell
respiration and their importance to plant and animal life.
(SYNTHESIS)
Examples:
photosystems, photophosphorylation, Calvin Cycle and
Krebs Cycle