Transcript - bYTEBoss

Nate Kim
Haein Jung
Mulia Darius Audryc
Meredith Song
Virawat Tangjitsirichai
Germination ↑
 Theme

Global warming
 Given

object
Packs of seeds
 Research

More plants
question
How can we increase
germination rates of plant seeds
to fasten photosynthesis and
thus reduce the amount of CO2
in the air and reduce global
warming?
+α (O2↑)
Photosynthesis
↑
CO2 ↓
Global warming ↓
 Aim


To investigate factors that affect germination rates
of seeds
To research and evaluate the optimum conditions
for germination and efficient germination methods
CHEMISTRY
Type of
Fertilizer
PHYSICS
Light
Intensity
BIOLOGY
Type of Plant
Amount
of O2
Produced
 Research

question
How does type of seed affect the rate of
germination when type of chemical fertilizer, light
intensity, type of soil and amount of water given to
seeds stay constant?
 Procedure




(Initial) 20mL water + 4 types of plant seeds (15
seeds for each type)
10mL water per day
Observe the changes for a week
3rd May 10:36 am ~ 10th May 10:35 am
 Variables
Independent variable
Type of seed
Seeds used:
1.Mung bean (Vigna radiate)
2.Soybean (Glycine max)
3.Common bean (white bean) (Phaseolus vulgaris)
4.Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
Dependent variable
1. Time taken to sprout first
2. Germination percent
1. the time taken from the moment a seed is put in a Petri
dish for growing to the moment a sprout comes out.
2. # of germinated seeds / total # of seeds
Control variables
Light intensity
No light exposure
Type of chemical fertilizer
No chemical fertilizer added
The same type of issue is used instead of soil to ensure
identical components. 12 pieces of tissue per Petri dish.
Type of soil
Water given to seeds for
germination
Temperature and pressure
20.0mL initially + 10.0mL per each dish per day
Room temperature (26℃), 1 atm
Spinach
Soybean
Common
white
bean
Mung
bean
 Data

collection and processing
First germination of each type of seed
Type of seed
Time
Number of germinated seeds
Mung bean
Soybean
5 May, 9:24 am
6 May, 3:15 pm
12 / 15
3 /15
Commoin white bean
9 May, 2:05 pm
(observed at the same time)
7 / 15
Spinach

5 / 15
Germination percent after 1 week (10 May 10:35 am)
Type of seed
Number of germinated seeds
Germination Percent
Mung bean
13 / 15
87%
Soybean
14 / 15
93%
Commoin white bean
7 / 15
47%
Spinach
5 / 15
33%
 Results

Germination rate


Mung bean > Soybean > Spinach, Common white bean
Germination percent

Soybean > Mung bean > Common white bean > Spinach
 Research

question
How does type of chemical fertilizer affect the
rate of germination when type of plant, light
intensity, type of soil and amount of water given to
seeds stay constant?
 Procedure

Initially 20mL water +
45 mung bean seeds




Dish A (5 seeds):
10mL water
Dish B (5 seeds):
5mL water + 5mL liquid
fertilizer
Dish C (5 seeds):
10mL liquid fertilizer
3 sets of Dish A,B,C
( 3 types of fertilizers)

6th May 10:06 am ~
13th May 10:08 am
 Variables
Independent variable
Type of chemical fertilizer
Potassium fertilizer: KCl
Nitrogen fertilizer: (NH4)2SO4
Phosphorous fertilizer: NaH2PO4∙2H2O
Dependent variable
1. Time taken to sprout first
2. Germination percent
1. the time taken from the moment a seed is put in a Petri
dish for growing to the moment a sprout comes out.
2. # of germinated seeds / total # of seeds
Control variables
Light intensity
No light exposure
Type of plant (seed)
This stays constant: mung bean seeds.
The same type of issue is used instead of soil to ensure
identical components. 12 pieces of tissue per Petri dish.
Type of soil
Water given to seeds for
germination
Temperature and pressure of
surrounding
20.0mL initially
Room temperature (26℃), 1 atm
 Data

Concentration of fertilizer= 2%


collection and processing
(2g compounds+ 98mL water)
pH of chemical fertilizer
Chemical fertilizer
KCl
(NH4)2SO4
NaH2PO4∙2H2O
pH
7
4~5
2~3
First germination of each type of seed &
 Germination percent after 1 week (13 May 10:08 am)

Chemical fertilizer : KCl
Petri dish
First germination
observed
Germination Percent
after 1 week
Dish A
(10mL water)
Dish B
(5mL water + 5mL fertilizer)
Dish C
(10mL fertilizer)
7 May, 9:23 am
9 May, 8:23 am
10 May, 1:16 am
5/5=100%
4/5=80%
2/5=40%
Dish B
(5mL water + 5mL fertilizer)
Dish C
(10mL fertilizer)
9 May, 10:07 am
11 May, 8:12 am
2/5=40%
2/5=40%
Dish B
(5mL water + 5mL fertilizer)
Dish C
(10mL fertilizer)
10 May, 9:31 am
11 May, 8:12 am
5/5=100%
3/5=60%
Chemical fertilizer : (NH4)2SO4
Petri dish
Dish A
(10mL water)
First germination
7 May, 2:03 pm
observed
Germination Percent
5/5=100%
after 1 week
Chemical fertilizer : NaH2PO4∙2H2O
Dish A
Petri dish
(10mL water)
First germination
7 May, 2:03 pm
observed
Germination Percent
5/5=100%
after 1 week
 Results

Germination rate



10mL water > 5mL water + 5mL fertilizer > 10mL fertilizer
More fertilizer  Slower germination
Germination percent in Dish C (=fertilizer only)

NaH2PO4∙2H2O (100%) > KCl, (NH4)2SO4 (40%)
 Osmosis

Tendency for a solvent to move from a dilute solution
to a more concentrated solution
Trees and plants absorb water  Osmotic pressure


Solution inside root cells are more concentrated than water
Seed cells ≠ Root cells
 Research

question
How does light intensity affect the rate of
germination when type of plant, type of chemical
fertilizer, type of soil and amount of water given to
seeds stay constant?
 Background



Light energy = heat
Plant grows faster and better in warm climate
Light germination & dark germination
both possible for mung beans
 Procedure

Initially 20mL water + 25 mung bean seeds







Dish A (5 seeds): light intensity of 348 Lux
Dish B (5 seeds): light intensity of 560 Lux
Dish C (5 seeds): light intensity of 980 Lux
Dish D (5 seeds): light intensity of 1335 Lux
Dish E (5 seeds): light intensity of 0 Lux (no light exposure)
Observe the changes for 3 days
10th May 8:30 am ~ 13th May 8:33 am
 Variables
Independent variable
Light intensity
Different distances from light
Dependent variable
Germination percent
# of germinated seeds / total # of seeds
Control variables
Time of exposure to light
This stays constant as 72 hours.
Type of chemical fertilizer
No chemical fertilizer added
Type of plant (seed)
This stays constant: mung bean seeds.
Type of soil
The same type of issue is used instead of soil to ensure
identical components. 12 pieces of tissue per Petri dish.
Water given to seeds for
germination
10.0mL per each dish per day
348
Lux
980
Lux
560
Lux
1335
Lux
 Data


collection and processing
On 12th May, 7:50 am
Light Intensity
Number of germinated seeds
0 Lux
0/5
348 Lux
0/5
560 Lux
0/5
980 Lux
1/5
1335 Lux
2/5
On 13th May, 8:33 am
Light Intensity
Number of germinated seeds
Germination Percent
0 Lux
1/5
20%
348 Lux
1/5
20%
560 Lux
1/5
20%
980 Lux
2/5
40%
1335 Lux
4/5
80%
 Results

Germination percent



1335 Lux > 980 Lux > 560 Lux, 348 Lux, 0 Lux
Higher light intensity  More growth
Analysis

Numbers of incident on beans is proportional to 1/r2

New light unit where the mung bean closest to light
equals to one unit energy defined:

Germination vs. light energy graph
4.5
4
# of germinated seeds
3.5
Number of Germintated Seeds vs. Light Energy
May 13th
May 12th
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.27
0.35
0.53
Light Energy
1.00

Germination and E0
Date
Light Intensity
Germination
Percent
Distance from light
Light energy
in terms of E0
348 Lux
0%
0.543 m
0.265899
560 Lux
0%
0.476 m
0.346021
980 Lux
20%
0.385 m
0.528926
1335 Lux
40%
0.28 m
1
348 Lux
20%
0.543 m
0.265899
560 Lux
20%
0.476 m
0.346021
980 Lux
40%
0.385 m
0.528926
1335 Lux
80%
0.28 m
1
May 12th
May 13th

Research Question:


How does light intensity affect the amount of oxygen
produced by plants when type of plant, temperature,
time given stay constant?
Procedure:

6g Alnus Vulgaris leaves in each syringe and put each
syringe in water (water as temperature buffer)




Syringe A: exposed to 25W
Syringe B: exposed to 40W
Syringe C: exposed to 60W
Wait 30 minutes for leaves to make oxygen
Connect each syringe to plastic tube which is connected
to capillary tube and another syringe
 Pull the syringe which now contains oxygen and suck
the oxygen with syringe on the other side

 Procedure
plastic tube
leaves
capillary tube
funnel
oxygen produced
water
 Variables
Independent variable
Light intensity
Three different light bulbs with different
voltages
25W, 40W, 60W
Dependent variable
Amount of oxygen produced Measured in ml
Controlled variables
Type of leaves used
Alnus Vulgaris
Temperature
Water temperature of 26 degrees Celsius
Time
30 minutes
Distance
Distance between beakers containing water
and lamps is 5 cm
 Data
collection and processing
Voltage
Light intensity
Oxygen produced (ml)
25W
740 Lux
0.33ml
40W
1301 Lux
0.41ml
60W
1203 Lux
0.58ml
 Results

Amount of oxygen produced




1203 Lux > 1031 Lux > 740 Lux
60W > 40W > 25 W
Stronger light intensity  more oxygen produced
by leaves
Photooxidation / Ecosystem destruction

Fastest growing  Mung bean

↑ fertilizer  ↓ germination

↑ light intensity
 ↑ germination
 ↑ O2 produced by plant

How are these related to global warming?
 Create the optimum conditions for germination
 Control type of seed, fertilizer and light intensity
 E.g.) Mung beans + no fertilizer + ↑ light intensity
Optimum
conditions
Germination
↑
More
plants
Photosynthesis
↑
CO2 ↓
+
O2 ↑
Global
Warming
Reduced
 Many

Chemical fertilizer: mistiming


However, chemicals not wasted & concentration of the
solution kept constant
Photosynthesis: 3 failures




Measuring water level rise  not enough oxygen
Reaction with Cu/Fe  not enough oxygen
Syringe  failed once, the second time succeeded
 More careful, realistic experiment designs
 Low


failures
accuracy in recorded time
Time not measured at night
 More frequent measurements





Kingsley R. Stearn, Introductory Plant Biology 8th ed.,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2000
Leo J. Malone, Basic Concepts of Chemistry 5th ed., St.
Louis University, 1997
Douglas C. Giancoli, Physics 6th ed., Pearson Education,
2005
Richard Harwood, Chemistry New ed., Cambridge, 2002
Alan damon, Randy mcgonegal, Patricia tosto and William
ward, Higher Level and Standard Level Options Biology
(Developed Specifically for the IB Diploma), Pearson
baccalaureate, 2007