Transcript The Plant

Roselyn Aperocho-Naranjo
Pharmacy Instructor
USPF, College of Pharmacy
Anatomy of the Leaf
What are the layers of the Leaf?
set of cells forming the upper
and lower layers of a leaf
line outlining a leaf
organ of the leaf that
division
allows the exchange
of gases
thin superficial skin of a leaf
set of cells forming the
outer
layer
of the
central
layer
of aleaf
leaf
part of the stoma
lower layer of the leaf
What are the
parts of the
plant
responsible for
the gas
exchange?
Photosynthesis
What are the substances responsible
for the color of the leaf?

Four leaf pigments are responsible
for leaf color and its changes in
during autumn:
chlorophylls,
 carotenoids,
 tannins, and
 anthocyanins.

What are the substances responsible
for the color of the leaf?
Chlorophyll





located in organelles called
chloroplasts
gives leaves green color
absorbs the sun's radiant energy and
is necessary for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide and water are
transformed to sugars
During the growing season,
chlorophyll is continually being
produced and destroyed and leaves
appear green.
What are the substances responsible
for the color of the leaf?
Anthocyanins





responsible for the pink and purple leaves
of sugar and red maple, sassafras, sumac,
white and scarlet oak, winged euonymus,
dogwood, sourwood, some oaks, and
many other woody plants
also give color to cranberries, red apples,
concord grapes, blueberries, cherries,
strawberries, and plums
are formed when sugars combine with
complex compounds called
anthocyanidins
this is influenced mainly by cell pH
usually not present until they are produced
in the autumn
What are the substances responsible
for the color of the leaf?
Carotenoids


responsible for the yellow and
orange colors in leaves and also
appear in such plants as corn,
carrots, daffodils, rutabagas,
buttercups, and bananas
located in the chloroplasts and
assist chlorophyll in the capture of
sunlight for photosynthesis
What are the substances responsible
for the color of the leaf?
Tannins





responsible for the brown hues in the
leaves of some oaks and other trees
golden yellow in some leaves such as
beech are a result of tannins being
present along with the yellow
carotenoid pigments
always present in the leaves, but only
become visible as chlorophyll ad
carotenoids disappear from leaves
are bitter substances responsible for
the color and flavor of tea
are common waste products of tree
metabolism, deposited in the cell sap
inside the vacuole as well as in cell
walls
ANATOMY
OF THE
STEM
is responsible for
the aboveground
structure of the
plant, and is
involved in both
structural support
and vascular
transport.
THE STEM
dead center of
the woody stem
in which
conducting
outer
coveringofof
elements
the stem
xylemofare
external
ring
of
woody
plants,
clogged
with
xylem
still
composed
of
tannins
and resin,
conducting
fluids
waterproof
and no cork
longer
cellsfunction
protecting
to a
layerconduct
of food-fluids.
conducting
tissue—the
phloem or inner
bark (also called
bast).
the tissue layers :
A layer of
reproductive
cells called the
cork cambium
produces new
cork cells to
replace or
reinforce the old
cells
THE ROOTS
Root systems may be divided into two
broad types: TAPROOTS and FIBROUS
ROOTS:
TAPROOTS
FIBROUS ROOTS
THE ROOTS
Root systems may be divided into two
broad types: TAPROOTS and FIBROUS
ROOTS:
Taproots are large single
roots that have smaller
roots extending from them.
Taproots of some species
store water and food.
Species that have taproots
include carrots, radishes
and dandelions.
TAPROOTS
THE ROOTS
Root systems may be divided into two
broad types: TAPROOTS and FIBROUS
ROOTS:
Taproots are large single
roots that have smaller
roots extending from them.
Taproots of some species
store water and food.
Species that have taproots
include carrots, radishes
and dandelions.
FIBROUS ROOTS
THE ROOTS
they may act as anchorage,
storage organs, an absorption
network for water and nutrients,
and form a symbiosis with root
inhabiting fungi. They also
affect their environment by
leaking carbohydrates and
other organic molecules,
altering soil pH, filtering toxins
and accumulating rare
Root hair
elements, providing
mechanical structure in the soil
and creating lines for water
movement (percolines).
Root Cap
THE ROOTS
Roots may be classified
into primary, secondary
and tertiary roots:
THE ROOT
root-like structures:
It looks superficially like
roots, are actually
developed from stems.
They extend underground
and develop shoots at the
surface. Rhizomes connect
apparently separate plants
in a living network.
Rhizome (indicated by arrow)
THE ROOT
root-like structures:
It arise from nodes near
ground level on the stem,
rhizome (as in the diagram
above) or stolon: they are
roots that do not arise from
the principal root system.
Adventitious roots growing from rhizome
THE ROOT
root-like structures:
CORM
is a piece of swollen tissue: they
may be stem-corms or root-corms
depending on the tissue of origin.
A corm survives between seasons
in a dormant state.
STOLON
is developed from a shoot. It is a specialised
horizontal above-ground shoot, and a colonising
organ that develops from an axillary bud, and near
the base of the plant. Adventitious roots often
develop from the stolon. E
THE ROOT
root-like structures:
TUBERS
BULB
A true bulb differs from a corm and a
tuber in that it contains 5 major parts:
the basal plate (bottom of bulb where
roots develop), fleshy storage tissue, the
tunic (skin-like covering protecting the
fleshy tissue), the developing shoot, and
lateral buds.
differs from a true bulb and a corm by
not having a basal plate from which
roots develop. It does not have a
protective tunic covering. It may be
formed from a stem or a root.
THE FLOWER
The anthers carry
the pollen. These
are generally yellow
in color. Anthers are
held up by a threadlike part called the
filament.
The
anthers
are
the
green carry
petaltheparts
pollen.
These
like
at the
base
are
generally
yellow
of
the
flower. Sepals
in color.
Anthers
help
protect
the are
held up by a
threaddeveloping
bud.
like part called the
filament.
The stigma is the sticky surface at the top of
the pistil; it traps and holds the pollen. The
style is the tube-like structure that holds up
the stigma. The style leads down to the
ovary that contains the ovules.
THE FLOWER
Reproduction through the Male & Female
Organs of the flower, namely Pistil or
Carpel and Stamen.
Reproduction begins during Pollination
process.
THE FLOWER
The Pollination Process
THE FLOWER
The Pollination Process
THE FLOWER
The Pollination Process