Transcript PLANTS

Introduction
to the Plant
Kingdom
copyright cmassengale
1
Early Ancestors
Aquatic to Terrestrial
Life
copyright cmassengale
2
Aquatic Ancestor
Closest living
species to a
possible land
plant ancestor
 Group of green
algae
 Called
Charyophyceans

copyright cmassengale
Chara
3
Algae & Land Plant
Similarities





Both contain chlorophylls a and b
Have chloroplasts with stacks of
thylakoids
Store starch in plastids
Cellulose in cell walls
Go through Alternation of Generations
life Cycle
copyright cmassengale
4
Aquatic Habitat
Terrestrial Habitat
copyright cmassengale
5
Living in Aquatic Environments
Plants surrounded by water so
don’t dry out
 Sperm swims to egg
 Water supports plant
 Plants stay in upper surface near
light
 Absorb nutrients from the H2O

copyright cmassengale
6
Plant Adaptations to Land





Problems:
Need minerals
Gravity
Increase in
Height for Light
Adaptations for
Drier
environment
Reproduction
Solutions:
Roots absorb H2O &
minerals
 Lignin & cellulose in cell
walls
 Vascular Transport
System
 Waxy cuticle &
stomata with guard
cells
 Pollen
copyright
cmassengale containing sperm
7

How Are Plants
All Alike?
copyright cmassengale
8
Plant Characteristics





Multicellular
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid
membranes
Surrounded by cell walls containing
cellulose (polysaccharide)
Store reserve food as amylose
(starch)
copyright cmassengale
9
Plant Reproduction
Alternation of generations life
cycle
 Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage
 Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage
 Produce multicellular embryo
protected inside multicellular
haploid (gametophyte egg sac)
tissue

copyright cmassengale
10
Plant Reproduction
Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage
produces haploid spores by
meiosis
 Haploid spores undergo mitosis to
produce gametophyte stage
 Gametophyte makes gametes
(eggs and sperm) by meiosis
 Zygote (2n) produces the new
sporophyte

copyright cmassengale
11
Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte
2n Sporophyte
2n gametophyte
1n pollen
2n seed with
plant embryo
Sporophyte
Ovary with
1n ovules
(eggs)
copyright cmassengale
12
Plant
Divisions
copyright cmassengale
13
Taxonomy



Plants are divided
into two groups
Based on the
presence or
absence of an
internal transport
system for water
and dissolved
materials
Called Vascular
System
Vascular
Bundles
copyright cmassengale
14
Vascular System
Xylem tissue carries water and
minerals upward from the roots
 Phloem tissue carries sugars made
by photosynthesis from the leaves
to where they will be stored or
used
 Sap is the fluid carried inside the
xylem or phloem

copyright cmassengale
15
Nonvascular Plants



Do not have
vascular tissue
for support or
conduction of
materials
Called
Bryophytes
Require a
constantly moist
environment
Sporophyte stage
Gametophyte
Stage
Moss Gametophytes &
copyright cmassengale
Sporophytes
16
Nonvascular Plants
Plants can’t grow as tall
 Cells must be in direct contact
with moisture
 Materials move by diffusion
cell-to-cell
 Sperm must swim to egg
through water droplets

copyright cmassengale
17
Nonvascular Plants

Includes mosses (Bryophyta),
liverworts (Hepatophyta), and
hornworts (Antherophyta)
Liverworts
copyright cmassengale
Hornworts
18
Main Parts of Vascular
Plants


Shoots
-Found above ground
-Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of
plant
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant
copyright cmassengale
19
Vascular Plants


Also called
Tracheophytes
Subdivided into
two groups -Seedless
vascular plants
and Seedbearing vascular
plants
copyright cmassengale
Club Moss
20
Seedless Vascular Plants

Includes club moss (Lycophyta),
horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk
ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns
(Pterophyta)
Whisk ferns
copyright cmassengale
Horsetails
21
Seed-Producing Vascular
Plants
Includes two groups –
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
 Gymnosperms have naked seeds in
cones
 Angiosperms have flowers that
produce seeds to attract
pollinators and produce seeds

copyright cmassengale
22
Gymnosperms




Coniferophyta are
known as conifers
Includes pine,
cedar, spruce, and
fir
Cycadophyta –
cycads
Ginkgophyta ginkgo
Cycad
Ginkgo
copyright cmassengale
23
Gymnosperms
Contains the
oldest living
plant – Bristle
cone pine
 Contains the
tallest living
plant – Sequoia
or redwood

copyright cmassengale
24
Angiosperms





Flowering plants
Seeds are formed when an
egg or ovule is fertilized by
pollen in the ovary
Ovary is within a flower
Flower contains the male
(stamen) and/or female
(ovaries) parts of the plant
Fruits are frequently
produced from these
ripened ovaries (help
disperse seeds)
copyright cmassengale
25
copyright cmassengale
26
Angiosperms
Division Anthophyta
 Subdivided into two groups –
Monocots and Dicots
 Monocots have a single seed
cotyledon
 Dicots have two seed cotyledons

copyright cmassengale
27
Monocots
Parallel
venation in
leaves
 Flower parts in
multiples of 3
 Vascular tissue
scattered in
cross section
of stem

copyright cmassengale
28
Dicots
Net venation in
leaves
 Flower parts in
multiples of 4
or 5
 Vascular tissue
in rings in
cross section
of stem

copyright cmassengale
29
Plant Uses
copyright cmassengale
32
Why We Can’t do Without
Plants!
Produce oxygen for the
atmosphere
 Produce lumber for building
 Provide homes and food for many
organisms
 Prevent erosion
 Used for food

copyright cmassengale
33
More Reasons We Can’t do
Without Plants!
Produce wood pulp for paper
products
 Source of many medicines
 Ornamental and shade for yards
 Fibers such as cotton for fabric
 Dyes

copyright cmassengale
34
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 Through genetic engineering,
scientists are now able to duplicate one
organism’s DNA and place a certain gene from
the DNA into the cells of another species of plant
or animal. This technology enables scientists to
give plants and animals a new
trait that can then be passed on to future
generations. There are two methods to introduce
new DNA into plant cells.
Continued on the next slide
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1, continued In one method, DNA is first
placed inside a special bacterium, which carries
the DNA into the plant cell. In the second method,
microscopic particles of metal are coated with the
new DNA and fired into the plant cells with a
device called a gene gun.
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Based on the passage, what does genetic
engineering allow scientists to do?
A to breed better plants
B to move genes from one organism to another
C to see a very small object without a microscope
D to grow plants without soil
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Based on the passage, what does genetic
engineering allow scientists to do?
A to breed better plants
B to move genes from one organism to another
C to see a very small object without a microscope
D to grow plants without soil
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In the passage, what does the word species
most likely mean?
F DNA
G future generations
H group of organisms
I genes
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. In the passage, what does the word species
most likely mean?
F DNA
G future generations
H group of organisms
I genes
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, what are the two most
common ways genes are moved to plant cells?
A by bacteria and fungi
B by bacteria and a gene gun
C by fungi and a gene gun
D by particles of metal and a gene gun
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, what are the two most
common ways genes are moved to plant cells?
A by bacteria and fungi
B by bacteria and a gene gun
C by fungi and a gene gun
D by particles of metal and a gene gun
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 The main function of leaves is
photosynthesis, or the production of food. However,
some leaves have functions other than
photosynthesis. For example, the leaves on a
cactus plant are modified as spines. These spines
discourage animals from eating the cactus. The
leaves of another plant, the sundew, are modified to
catch insects. Sundews live in areas with nitrogenpoor soil. They don’t get enough nitrogen from the
soil to meet their needs. So, the plants use their
modified leaves to catch insects. Then, the sundews
digest the insects to get the nitrogen they need to
survive.
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Based on the passage, which of the following
statements about photosynthesis is true?
A Photosynthesis produces modified leaves.
B Photosynthesis is how plants catch insects for
food.
C Photosynthesis discourages animals from eating
plants.
D Photosynthesis is how plants get food.
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Based on the passage, which of the following
statements about photosynthesis is true?
A Photosynthesis produces modified leaves.
B Photosynthesis is how plants catch insects for
food.
C Photosynthesis discourages animals from eating
plants.
D Photosynthesis is how plants get food.
copyright
1. Based on the passage, which of the following
statements about photosynthesis is true?
A Photosynthesis produces modified leaves.
B Photosynthesis is how plants catch insects for
food.
C Photosynthesis discourages animals from eating
plants.
D Photosynthesis is how plants get food.
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, what do the modified
leaves of cactuses?
F They discourage animals from eating them.
G They catch insects for nitrogen.
H They function mainly for photosynthesis.
I They help cactuses get enough nitrogen from the
soil.
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, what do the modified
leaves of cactuses?
F They discourage animals from eating them.
G They catch insects for nitrogen.
H They function mainly for photosynthesis.
I They help cactuses get enough nitrogen from the
soil.
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, what can be concluded
about pitcher plants if they capture insects?
A They grow in areas with nitrogen-poor soil.
B They are trying to discourage animals from
eating them.
C They don’t need nitrogen from insects to
survive.
D They have leaves that are modified as spines.
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Based on the passage, what can be concluded
about pitcher plants if they capture insects?
A They grow in areas with nitrogen-poor soil.
B They are trying to discourage animals from
eating them.
C They don’t need nitrogen from insects to
survive.
D They have leaves that are modified as spines.
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
This pie graph
shows the
distribution of
four types of
plants. Use the
pie graph to
answer the
questions that
follow.
copyright
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 12
1. Which of the following types of plants is the
least common?
A ferns and their
relatives
B mosses and
their relatives
C angiosperms
D gymnosperms
copyright
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 12
1. Which of the following types of plants is the
least common?
A ferns and their
relatives
B mosses and
their relatives
C angiosperms
D gymnosperms
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. About what percentage of plants are angiosperms?
F 1%
G 10%
H 20%
I 80%
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
2. About what percentage of plants are angiosperms?
F 1%
G 10%
H 20%
I 80%
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. About what percentage of plants are mosses, ferns,
and their relatives?
A 1%
B 10%
C 20%
D 80%
copyright
Chapter 12
Standardized Test Preparation
3. About what percentage of plants are mosses, ferns,
and their relatives?
A 1%
B 10%
C 20%
D 80%
copyright
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 12
4. If there are about 265,000 species of plants, about
how many of the species are mosses and relatives of
mosses?
F 2,650 species
G 13,250 species
H 26,500 species
I 212,000 species
copyright
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 12
4. If there are about 265,000 species of plants, about
how many of the species are mosses and relatives of
mosses?
F 2,650 species
G 13,250 species
H 26,500 species
I 212,000 species
copyright