Transcript What is Science?? - Cherokee County Schools

Science- from the Latin word “sciencia,” which
means “to have knowledge” ( It is the study of nature
and the physical world by testing, experimenting,
and measuring, including any of the branches or
fields of such study, as biology, physics, or geology.
)
Life Science- the study of living things
Cell- the smallest unit of an organism that can
perform life functions
Stimulus- anything an organism responds to such as
light, sound, touch, smell, color, movement, hunger,
pain and pleasure
Response- the reaction of an organism to a stimulus
Homeostasis- the ability of an organism to keep itself alive,
despite (life threatening) changes in its environment
Adaptation- any physical or behavioral trait that helps an
organism survive in its natural environment
Development- all the changes that occur to living things as they
grow
Spontaneous generation- false theory that states life comes
from non living things
Biogenesis- theory that states life only comes from other living
things
Skepticism- an attitude of doubt common in science when
proving something new
Validity- acceptability or believability of a concept in science;
how truthful something is
Data- information obtained from an experiment (usually through
measurement)
Control- part of am experiment that does not change; it stays the
same; it is used as a standard for comparison
Variable- the changeable part of an experiment
Observation- the act of gathering information using all the senses
3 Levels of Scientific Validity!!
1) Hypothesis- scientific guess
2) Theory- a hypothesis that has been supported over a long period of
time but never proven true
3) Law- a theory that has been tested, validated and proven to be true
Biogenesis-the theory that states life only comes from other living
things.
Quantitative Measurement- measurement of amount or how much is
present
Qualitative Measurement- how well something is made or done
Organism- anything that is made up of one or more cells, uses energy,
moves, responds to stimuli, consumes food, exchanges gases,
reproduces, develops, has a life span, and produces waste.
The Scientific Method
1) Identify the Problem
2) Do the Test
3) Analyze Results
4) Draw Conclusions
1 Scientists
Spallanzani (Italy) Canned sterilization
experiment for napoleon.
2 Scientists
Redi (Italy) Conducted the covered jar
experiment disproving spontaneous
generation.
3 Scientists
Pasteur (France) known for
pasteurization, heating fluids to kill
germs
4 Scientists
Oparin (Russia) theorized that life on Earth
orginally formed from simple chemicals
5 Scientists
Miller (US) conducted an experiment
based on Oparin’s hypothesis
Name______________________Class__________
Life Science Ch.1A Study Sheet
Be able to identify the following terms from memory:
1. life science
2. organism
3. science
4. 4 steps of the scientific method
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. hypothesis
6. theory
7. law
8. variable
9. data
10. control
11. observation
12. homeostasis
13. adaptation
14. there is no number 14
15. response
16. development
17. spontaneous generation
18. biogenesis
19. 5 scientists
a. Redi
b. Spallanzani
c. Pasteur
d. Oparin
e. Miller
Be able to identify the following definitions from memory:
20. information obtained from an experiment
21. all the changes that occur to living things as they grow
22. anything that is made up of one or more cells, uses energy, moves, responds to stimuli,
consumes food, exchanges gases, reproduces, develops and has a life span
23. any behavior or physical trait that enables an organism to survive in it’s environment
24. the part of an experiment that stays the same; used as a standard for comparison
25. “having knowledge”
26. theory that states life only comes from other living things
27. scientific guess
28. analyze results
29. the act of gathering information using all the senses
30. the study of living things
31. the reaction of an organism to a stimulus
32. identify the problem
33. (Italy) disproved spontaneous generation with covered jar experiment
34. draw conclusions
35. the ability of an organism to keep itself alive despite (hostile) changes in its environment
36. the changeable part of an experiment
37. idea that has been accepted by scientists but never proven true
38. (France) proved that bacteria that spoil food are found in dust specks
39. (Italy) did the canned sterilization experiment for Napoleon
40. do the testing
41. (Russia) theorized life on Earth originally formed from chemical compounds
42. theory that has been tested, validated, and proven to be true
43. (US) performed experiment based on Oparin’s hypothesis
CHAPTER 1B
Measurement
Notes On Chapter 1B
Measurement
The International System of Units (SI)
uses units and standards agreed upon
throughout the world (so scientists can
understand one another)
(SI= Standards)
Chart on Next Slide
Measurement
Unit
Tool
Length
Meters
Meter stick
Mass
Grams
Balance
Weight
Newtons
Scale
Temperature
Kelvin
Thermometer
Liquids
Liters
Graduated cylinder
Time
Seconds
Stop watch
Vocab
Standard- a unit of measurement; the exact
quantity people agree to use while measuring
Mass- the amount of matter or substance in an
object
Weight- the measure of gravitational pull
between two objects (usually between the Earth
and objects on its surface) Ex: an object in
space will still have mass but no longer have
weight
Vocab
Length- distance between two points
Area- the amount of surface an object has
Volume- the amount of space taken up by an object
Meniscus- curved upper surface of a liquid in a container; the lowest
point of a meniscus is where an accurate measurement can be
taken
Kelvin- A temperature scale based on molecular movement
O* Kelvin = -273* Celsius = absolute zero
273* Kelvin = 0* Celsius = 32* Fahrenheit (water freezes)
373* Kelvin = 100* Celsius = 212* Fahrenheitm (water boils)
SI Prefixes
Kilo- 1,000 units; ex: kilometer, kilogram
Hecta- 100 units; ex: hectacre
Deka or Deca- 10 units; ex: decade, decathlon
(no prefix)- one of each unit
Deci- 1/10th of one unit ; ex decimate, decimal
Centi- 1/100th of one unit ; ex: centurion (soldier in a unit
of 100 men,) centimeter(1/100th of one meter)
Milli- 1/1,000th of one unit ; ex: milligram, millimeter,
millipede
3 M’s
Mean- average of a series of
measurements.
EX: Warrick Dunn’s rushing yards per
game.
Game 1: 100 Yards
Game 2: 200 Yards
Game 3: 150 Yards
Mean= 150 Yards
3 M’s
Median- the middle number when a list is
placed in order
EX: number of Pokémon killed per
tournament 5,2,7,8,9 But in order they are
2,5,7,8,9
7 is therefore the median
3 M’s
Mode- number of the measurement that
occurs most often in a list
Ex: Homer Simpson’s grades
F,F,C,B,B,B,C
The mode is therefore B.
Ex: Pi, Pi, Pi
Pi ala mode
Abbreviations
Length:
Millimeter = mm
Centimeter = cm
Decimeter = dm
Dekameter = dam
Hectameter = hm
Kilometer = km
Vocab
Mass:
Milligram = mg
Centigram = cg
Decigram = dg
Dekagram = dag
Hectagram = hg
Kilogram = kg
Vocab
Liquids
Milliliter = mL
Centiliter = cL
Deciliters = dL
Dekaliters = daL
Hectoliter = hL
Kiloliter = kL
Application
So, if we were to make a new form of number line, for
each step we go up or down the scale we multiply or
divide by 10- the values to the right are of greater
amounts.
milli----centi-----deci---(none)----- deka----hecta----kilo
10 milligrams = 1 centigram (one step = 10)
1 decigram = 100 milligrams (two steps removed- 100)
1 centiliter = 1/1000th of a dekaliter
1 milliwatt = 1/100,000th of a hectawatt
1 kilowatt = 1,000,000 milliwatts
Measurement Lab
Be able to measure a line segment in
centimeters and millimeters.
Be able to measure mass in grams.
Be able to measure liquids in milliliters.
CH. 10C & 6A
VIRUSES & DNA
Virus-a piece of genetic material (DNA)
surrounded by a protein coat. They may
remain crystallized and dormant for many
years without water or air. “Virus” is Latin
for the word poison. Viruses are extremely
small, even compared to the smallest
cells. A special electron microscope must
be used to observe them. The cell a virus
invades is called a “host cell.”
Viruses
(1) Poliovirus Polio kills human nerve cells and
causes paralysis or death. (active)
Viruses
(2) HIV virus- attacks human immune system,
keeps sick people from getting well (latent)
Viruses
(3) Tobacco Mosaic- kills tobacco
plants (active)
(4) T4 or Bacteriophage
Kills bacteria (active)
Viruses
(5) Ebola- Kills human cells (active)
(6) Herpes Cold Sores- kills human lip cells
(latent)
Active viruses begin destroying cells
immediately. Latent viruses stay dormant and
wait before becoming active. Sometimes, latent
viruses can be triggered to become active
through emotional or physical stress. When
latent viruses become active, they enter what
is called the lytic or lysogenic cycle.
Viruses
Vaccine- Weakened virus or bacteria parts that are
injected to help the body develop an immune response.
When the real threat appears, the body is prepared to
identify and dispatch it quickly.
Antibodies- act as “hitchhikers,” marking foreign
invaders in the body that need to be removed! They act
as “red flags” that tell white blood cells what to eat.
The Story of Edward Jenner : a scientist in the 1790’s
realized cow maids that contracted cow pox never
caught small pox. He made the first vaccine.
Virus Reproduction
VIRUS REPRODUCTION
(1) Attach- Virus attaches to the cell it was designed
for.
(2) Invade- Enzymes dissolve cell membrane, DNA
enters cell and then the nucleus; the cell is directed
to change its activities
(3) Copy- copies of virus are produced by host cell,
repeatedly
(4) Release- cell bursts and is destroyed, releasing
new viruses.
DNA
DNA means Deoxyribonucleic
acid. It is the substance that
directs cell activities. Its is shaped
as a double helix, which is like a
twisted ladder.
DNA
Tiny threads of DNA
make up the nucleus of
the cell. The threads
are made up of 4
chemicals, called
nucleotides.
DNA
Adenine
A-
these
Guanine
G-
chemicals
Cytosine
C-
are called
Thymine
T-
nucleotides
DNA
This molecule is called a nucleotide
base.
One of the four nucleotides
sugar
phosphate
The sugar and phosphate make up
the yellow rung on the outside of
the DNA molecule.
DNA
Nucleotides pair up with one another- they
fit together like puzzle pieces. Adenine
always goes with Thymine, and Guanine
always goes with Cytosine.
A-T
G-C
RNA
RNA is like DNA but it is only half a strand, like
half of a zipper. RNA is found in the ribosomes
of cells.
In RNA, the nucleotide Thymine is completely
replaced by a different chemical called Uracil.
Therefore the pairs in RNA look like this:
A-U
G-C
RNA
Close up of Ribosome
Chemicals floating in the cell called amino
acids attach to the RNA. Once the RNA is
completely filled, the amino acids bond to
each other becoming a protein molecule.
and the protein then detaches from the
RNA to make room for another to form.
mRNA and tRNA
Messenger (mRNA) makes the protein.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) moves the amino
acids into the position on the mRNA so
that the correct protein forms.
Chapter 10A Bacteria or
Monerans
Ch. 10A
Characteristics of Bacteria (Monerans)
(1) NO organized nucleus
(2) No membrane-bound organelles (they
are very simple organisms)
(3) They DO have ribosomes
(4) Most DO have a cell wall made of
cellulose.
Ch. 10A
(5) Some have chlorophyll
(6) Because of these characteristics,
bacteria are known as prokaryotes or
prokaryotic which means “before kernel.”
There are two types of bacteria,
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
Ch. 10A
I Archaebacteria
(ancient bacteria) These are characterized
by living in extremely hostile
environments. Unlike all other bacteria,
some Archaebacteria do not have cell
walls. When they do have a cell wall, its
composition is different than any other
type of bacteria.
3 Types of Archaebacteria
1) Halophiles (salt lover) live in extremely salt water, such
as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea.
2) Thermoacidophiles- live in very hot and/or acidic
environments, such as can be found near natural hot
springs or mud flats
3) Methanogens- live in swampy bogs where methane gas
is formed
Archaebacteria ex: Nanoarchaeum
Equitum
(tiny ancient horse)
Eubacteria
II Eubacteria
(true bacteria) These bacteria are very
common, and are for the most part
harmless. They are the most populous
organism on earth.
Eubacteria ex: escheria coli
3 Bacteria shapes
1. Rod shaped
Bacilli, bacillus
2. Ball shaped, spherical
Cocci, coccus
3. Spiral, shapes
Spirilla, spirillum
Features found in/on Bacteria
Ribosome- small black spaces that
manufacture protein, the building blocks
for the cell (they resemble specks of
pepper within the cell)
DNA-(deoxyribonucleic acid) complex
structure that controls cell functions.
Flagella- whip like tail that helps the cell
move
Features found in/on Bacteria
Cell wall- rigid structure that supports and
protects the cell
Cell membrane- flexible covering that
allows some substances to pass through
(water, food, waste, dissolved gases)
Gel capsule- sticky layer that helps some
bacteria stick together
Features found in/on Bacteria
Pili, Pilus- tiny threads that help some
bacteria stick to surfaces
Good Bacteria
Can be used to make cheese, yogurt,
sauerkraut, and vinegar (pickles).
Bacteria Reproduction
Bacteria reproduce by fission, a simplified form
of cell mitosis. This results in identical offspring.
An advantage to this type of reproduction is that
if the organism is successful in the environment,
*all* of its offspring will be successful as well.
Some disadvantages are that bacteria adapt to
changes very poorly and there is little change
between generations. Also, if one dies due to the
environment, the entire colony will likely die.
Bacteria Reproduction
Sometimes bacteria reproduce by simple
form of sexual reproduction (DNA
exchange where they exchange genetic
material)
Some bacteria live in large groups or
chains called colonies.
Most bacteria are aerobes- (they use
oxygen to get energy.)
Aerobes and Anaerobes
Most bacteria are aerobes- (they use oxygen to get
energy.)
Anaerobes do not need oxygen. Typically anaerobes
are more dangerous to humans than aerobes. A bulging
can of food can mean that it contains dangerous
anaerobic bacteria.
Antibiotic- any substance produced by an organism that
inhibits or kills another organism.
ex: penicillin, which prevents cell walls from forming in
bacteria (causing them to burst like thin water balloons)
Ch. 10A
Pathogen- any organism that produces
disease ex: strep throat, mono, anthrax,
tetanus
Some pathogens produce poisons called
toxins. ex: Botulism (food poisoning) which
is an anaerobe
Cyanobacteria- blue-green bacteria that
have chlorophyll
Name
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Ch. 3 Cells
Cell Theory
All organisms are made
Cells are the basic units of structure and
furction.
All cells come from anther cells that
already
Ch. 3 Cells
These organelles are found in both
animal and plant cells:
Ribosome’s
Vacuoles
Cell membranes
Nucleus (DNA)
Mitochondria
Golgibodria
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ch. 3 Cells
Cell membrane- flexible boundary that
allows food oxygen to enter & wasted
to leave; serves as a fitter for the cell.
Ch. 3 Cells
Nucleus- structure inside the cell. That
alrects cell activities;
contains chromo- somas made of DNA.
Nucleolus- (Noeldi) small round section
inside the nucleus that
make
ribosome’s
Ribosome’s- small black specks that make
protoenis out of amino
acids;
sometime found sticking to the ER
Ch. 3 Cells
Cytoplasm- a gel like fluid in side the cell
that is in continuous motion
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- a folded
membrane that moves
materials within the cell; the conveyor belt
of the cell.
Golgi bodies- membrane covered sacks
that package and remove
waste from the cell.
Ch. 3 Cells
Mitochondria- potato or bean shaped
organelles that break down
food and release energy; the power house
of the cell.
Lysomes- contain chemicals (enzymes
that dissolve both food and
waste.
Ch.3 Cells
Vacuole- fluid filled storage area; they
regulate the amount of
water in the cell; in plant cells they contain
sap.
Organelles- found in plant cells only
Cell wall- rigid boundary made of cellulose
(a type of sugar) that
surrounds, supports and protects the cell
membrane.
Ch. 3 Cells
Chloroplast- melon shaped organelle that
contains chlorophyll; use
sunlight, water and carborn diocide to
make food.
Plastids- small organelles that contain oils,
storches and pigments
EX: Chloroplasts and corticoids
4 Steps of Mitosis
Prophase- nuclear membrane dissolve;
chromosomes thicken; centrioles appears
(animal cells only)
Metaphase- chromosomes line up; spindle fibers
appear and attach to the Centro mere of each
chromosome.
Anaphase- spindle fibers shrink; chromosomes
get pulled apart.
Telophase- cell membrane pinches in (animals
cells) or cell plate forms (plants cells) spindle
fibers and centrioles dissolve; two new nuclear
membranes form.
Ch. 3 Cells
Osmosis- the pass of water through a
membrane.
Ch. 3 Cells
Diffusion- the tendency of a substance to
spread out in a liquid or
gas.
Genes- physical section on a
chromosome that controls a tart
Ch. 3 Cells
RNA-½ of a DNA stand found in a
ribosome; they produce protein.
Ch. 3 Cells
Cytokinesis- the movement of cytoplasm
into a new cell
Endocytosis-to draw within
Exocytosis- to spit out
Pinocytosis- “cell drinking”
Phagocytosis- “cell eating”
Ch. 3 Cells
Active Transport- when a transport protein
mole- culet in a cell
membrane uses energy to pull food into a
cell against the flow of diffusion.
Passive Transport- cell allows food to
enter without using energy.
Meiosis- the process of cell division that
produces sex cells
(gametes)
Ch. 3 Cells
Gametes half the normal number of
chromosomes. Meiosis is mitosis doubled.
In meiosis, genes are different ways
resulting in off spring that are different
from both parents. (genetic) recombination
Diploid cells have two of each kind of
chromo some Diploid means paired.
Haploid-cells have one of each kind of
chromosome. Haploid means “single
form.”
Name
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Grade By:
Ch. 5+6
Heredity- the passing of traits from parents
to offspring.
Genes- physical are on a chromosome
that control traits; in meiosis
and
fertilization, each sex cell (gamete) carries
K the gene
for each trait.
Allele- one form a gene may have for a
trait, usually represented by a letter
EX: BB, Bb, yy, Aa
Crosspollination- deliberate polliation of a
plant to get a desired result
Ponnett Square- a tool (chart) that shows
how alleles can be cambined.
Dominant trait, fator or allcle- one form of
a trait that over rides other; it always
expresses itself in an organism.
Recessive- trait, factor or allele- these
traits are never expressed unless they are
the only trait present. These traits seem to
disappear in a population, but may
become expressed depending on the way
alleles combine.
Probaility- the branch of mathematics that
helps predict the chance something will
happen.
Gregory Mendel- was the father of
genetics. He was a monk in Austia who
used probability to predict the traits in
successive generations of plants. His
experiments lasted many years.
Capital letters (alleles) represent
dominant/ traits. Small letter represent
recessive traits. These allcle show the
genotype, the genetic makeup of an
organism.
EX: Tt/AA/yy
The phenotype is the trait that can be seen
or ahseived.
EX: tallness, colors, temperature
Ponnett Squares
1st example- plant
T=Tallness (dominant)
t=shortness (recessive)
Genotype- all It/phenotype- all tall
Genotype: 1 TT
2 Tt
1 tt
Phenotype: 3 tall
1 Short
2nd Example-Bunnies!!
B-Brown
b-Pink
Phenotype: 2 Brown/ 2 Pink
nd
2
Example-Bunnies!!
B-Brown
b-Pink
Phenotype: 2 Brown/ 2 Pink
EX: RR, bb, kk, ww
Homozypous- alleles are the sameEX: RR, bb, kk, ww
Heterozypous- alleles different
EX: Rr, Nn, Gg, Qq
Incomplete Domingnce- This occurs when
two dominant alleles get crossed. This can
result in a inter mediate phenotype.
EX: 4 o’clock Flowers
Multiple alleles- when more than 2 alleles
control trait
EX: blood type
Type: A blood- dominant
Type: B blood- dominant
Type: AB blood- in complete dominant
Type: O blood- recessive
 Polygenetic Inheritance- occurs when
genes act together to form a trait.
EX: Eye Color
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Ch. 9 Classification
Classification is the arrangement of
organisms into orderly groups based on
their similarities.
The largest, most genend group for these
organisms is the kingdom. Each kingdom
is divided into subgroups called phyla
(phylum) or divisions.
Science Notes
Most Kingdoms
Sub categories
Are called
Phyla
Plants & Fungi
Sub categories
are called
divisions
End of these is further subdivided into
classes, then orders, them families. The
must specific groups are genus and
species.
These two name together (genus and
species) make up the organisms scientific
name.
EX: canis familiars
Dichotomous keys and tables or charts
that are used in helping to identify
unknowns organisus.
Organisms from broad to
specifies
Broad: kingdom, phylum (ordivisom),
class, order family, specifies, Genus,
species
Bacteria are divided into two kingdoms:
1. Archacbacteria are small prokaryotic
organisms that live in hostile environments
“Anchae” means “ancient.”
2.Eubacteria are common bacteria which
live in soil and (other organisms.)
5. Protists are single called or simple multi
celled organisms.
Protists include protozox, animal-like
protists; algae, plant-like pontsts; and
fungus-like protists.
4. Fungi are multi-cellular organisms
(usually) which do not contain chlorophyll
Instead they dissolve and their
surrounding
5. Plants are more complex than fungi.
They contain chlorophyll which using
sunlight.
6. Anomalies is the Kingdom with the most
complex
Organisms- They are different from most
kingdoms in that they have cells without
cell walls.
Animals tend to move around, react to
their surroundings and obtain food from
outside sources.
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Ch. 11A Protists
Protists- single or many celled organism
that lives in wet or moist surroundings.
They are more complex than monerans
(bacteria) having specified organelles for
specific purposes. All protists are
eukaryotic, they all have cells with a
nucleus.
I 1. Algae- are plant-like protists. All
algae contain chlorophyll. But not all algae
are green. Algae can be broken down into
six sub groups or phyla:
Euglena have chlorophyll, a flagellum, an
eyespot, and are single celled.
(Euglehophyla- east glzne= “good
eyeball,” phyla
They have characteristics of both plants
and animals.
2. Diatoms are photosynthetic, golden
brown algae that store a drop oil as food.
Their small glass shells have many
commercial uses: road paint, toothpaste,
and insulation.
(The sparkly, gritty stuff comes from a clay
called kaolin)
(chrisopyta- chrisom means golden brown)
3. Dinoflagellates- (Dino means to have
power or to spin; Dinoflagellates means
“spinning tail whipper”) These red color
algae have two flagellum; one to spin them
around and the other to move them
forward. Great humbers of these
organisms cause the red tide.
Dinoflagellates
( Pyrrophyta- “fiery Plant”)
4. Green Algae can be singular or
multi-called. It produces starch as food.
(chlorophy- green plant)
5.Red Algae- usually many celled; it’s
color helps absorb light wavelengths at
deep ocean depths. Used to make
pudding smooth.
6. Brown Algae is found near the water
surface and is many celled.
II. Protozoa are single called animal- like
protists that are classified according to
how they move.
7.Sarodines move about by extending
parts of their bodies called pseudo pods.
(pseudo- pod means false foot)
EX: Amoeba
Pseudo pods are also used to trap food.
8. Flagellates move about using whiplike tails.
EX: Trypanosoma (from African Tse-Tse
Fly, Causes African sleeping Sickness)
9. Ciliates move about by waving short
hair-like threads called cilia.
EX: paramecium stentor
10. Sporozoans- do not move on their
own; a are parasites.
EX: plasmodium vivat which causes
malaria
III. Fungus- like Protists
1. Slimes (slime molds) consumers that
cat bacteria and small bits of decaying
plants. They often live in cool shady place.
EX: Scrambled egg slime mold they can br
red, yellow, blue, black
2. Water Molds caused the Irish Potato
Famine in the mid 1880’s. Water Mold also
affects fish with ichthyoids, which causes
fish to be covered with fuzz. (itch means
fish)
3. Other Fungus like Protists white Rust
and Downy Mildew
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Ch. 11B Fungi
Fungi- simple organisms that lack
chlorophyll and the specialized tissues that
plants have such as leaves and roots.
Mushrooms and only one type of fungus.
Yeast is a single celled fungus. Certain
types of mold and mildew are also fungi.
Topical Fungi Characteristics
Fungi are made up of masses of threadlike
tubes called hyphae.
Hyphae-
Because fungi lack cholorphyll they must
get their food from the enviloment.
Most fungi are get food from dead or
decaying things. Others are and feed on
living things.
EX:
Athlete’s foot
“Myco” means fungus
Fungus Reproduction
Fungi reproduce using spores which are
for med asexually. Spores are tiny cells
that can grow into new organisms. Fungi
are classified according to how they
produce spores.
REFER
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1. Zygote fungi-(zygomycota) this fungus
produces spores in tiny brown spheres
called sporangia ( this grows on bread)
when the sporangia break hundeads of
spores and released.
2. Sac Fungi- (asomycota) this fungus
produces structure called an accuse
EX: ye7ast, molds, moles and traifies
3.Club Fungi- (basdiomycota) this fungi
produces a cap shapes structure called a
besides that contains gills where spores all
formed. Some mushrooms are extremely
poisons. They hyphae that extend
underneath the mush room are called my
cerium.
4. Imperfect fungi do not fit into any
categories of fungus until they are ready to
repioduce. Then they morph and fit into
one of the other categories.
EX: Penicillium
5. Lichens are made of a fungus and an
algae living together in symbiosis (two or
genesis live together and help each other
survive.)
Lichens are important.
1. As food sources for animals
2. To break up rocks into soil
3. Because they are a pioneer species.
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Biome- a large area characterized by the
same types of plants and animals and
environmental factors.
1. Grasslands
Characteristics: flat plains average
temperatures & rainfall; Few trees. The
Breadbasket of crop fertility.
EX: Sheep, cows and horses.
2. Savannah
Characteristics; flat plains seasonal rains
greater than average rainfall (s9”) warmer
than hormal temper-a true’s.
EX: Zebras, elephants, Kangaroos, lions,
giraffes, and antelopes.
3. Artic alpine Tundra
Characteristics; little precipitation, low
tempera-tares, ground is frozen solid year
round
EX: Muskoxen, Caribou wolves, penguin,
polar bear, Seals
4. Tropical rain Forest
Characteristics: highest rainfall (158”)
highest biblical diversity (which makes the
ecosystem more stable) some organisms
live in the canopy (tops of trees)
EX: Monkey, macaw, Polson dart. Frog,
toucan, brazilin, nut tree
5. Temperate Deciduous Forest
Characteristics: leaves fall off most trees
to conserve water average rainfall,
average temperatures
EX: Woodpeckers, deer, opossums,
turkey, shanks, southern, pines oak trees
6. Taiga or Coniferous Forest
Characteristics; core-bearing trees
(evergreens) with need les, cold
temperatures average rainfall.
EX: bears, owls, eagles, rub bits, spruce,
trees, pine trees.
7. Chapparal
Characteristics: combines the teatures of
grasslands, and desert ware temperatares, limited rain
EX: vultures, condor, parries dogs,
tumbleweeds, coyote
8. Desert
Characteristics; wide grange in
temperature, limited sporadic rain, many
nocturnal organisms, (active at night)
EX: Scorpions, sidewinder, rattlesnakes
Gila monsters, camels, cactus.
Oceanic Biomes
A marine ecosystem is one that is based
on salt water. A biotic chrematistics are
non-living features that affect the
environment. In oceanic biomes, salinity
(amount of dissever salts and solids)
amount of sunlight distance from land
and water depth and temperature are all a
biotic factors.
1. The Intertribal Biome is found between the
high and low tide narks. Organisms are
sometime underwater are sometime underwater
sometime exposed to air. They must adapt to
the san’s ultraviolet radiation as well as well as
strong currents and waves. Mud flats, rocky
shores and sandy beaches are found in this
biome.
High tide
Low tide
EX: Crabs, clams, limpets, snails, sea grass
2. The Sub tidal or Neuritis Biome
Consists of submerged shallow areas that
receive sunlight. Water depth is usually
less than 200 meters deep Colorful coral
reels contain many diverse organisms.
EX: sea anemones, starfish, coral, sponges, clownfish, sea
urchins octopi
3. The Oceanic or open Ocean Biome is
characterized by wide open spaces with
no place to hide. Some adaptations that
organisms have mode to survive:
A. translucency- (being partially see
through) jelly fish use this to catch prey
B. fact swimming to essayer predators
C. Schooling (swimming in groups) to
confuse predators
D. counter shading (silvery metallic belly
and dark gray back for commonplace)
E. symbiotic or parasite relationships
EX: whales, sharks, jelly fish squid, tuna
4. The Benthic, Benthos (bottom-most)
biome: found on the ocean floor in the
deep parts of the ocean called the Abyssal
Plain. Here there is no light Animals have
highly developed senses of smell. No
plants grow here Bacteria use
Chemosynthesis to make food from
chemicals, and this is the basis of the food
chain found there.
EX: angler fish, Tule warms, blind crabs,
bacteria
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Ch. 12A Plants
Plants characteristics: eukaryotic (nukes) , monycelld; multicelled have chlorophyll, cells with walls
have roots or roots like structures, and are
immobile.
•Vascular-having tubes that allow liquids to
be transported easily.
Vascular
Non-Vascular
Ferns
Mosses
Horsetails
liverworts
Club mosses
•Simple Plants have tow stage life cycle.
•Gametophyte stage, sex cell are pranced.
•Saprophyte stage; spores get produced.
Mosses ample:
-gametophyte
____________
-Sporophtte
______________
-Gametophyte
- Generation
____________
-Sporophtte
- Generation
______________
Alternation Of GenerationsOccurs when organisms switch back and forth between
spore and gamete-bearing organisms!
Cell walls, mode of cellulose, provide support and
protection of the plant from harm and dehydration.
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Ch.12B Complex Plants
Ch.12B Complex Plants
Most of the plants we are familiar with are seed plants.
Allseed plants have roots, stems, leaves and Vascular
tissue.
•Seed- the reproductive part of a plant that contains an
embryo and often staved food. Seed plants are
classified into two groups:
•Gymnosperms
“ Gymnosperm” means
“Make seed.” They produce seeds on the
scales of female cones. “They never
produce fruits or flowers” Their leaves are
needle, like or scale like. Most
gymnosperms are evergreen plants that
keep their leaves year round.
Divisions OF Gymnosperms
•Geophytes (shrubs)
•Cycads
•Gingkoes
•Conifers EX: pines, fir, spruce, cedar
•Aniosperms
Angiosperms (flowering seed) produce
seeds which are enclosed inside a fruit. All
angiosperms produce flowers as well.
2 type of angiosperms;
•Monocots (Monocotyledon)
•Vascular bundles form a random pattern.
• Veins in leaves run parallel.
•Petals come in groups of three.
EX: corn, grass, wheat, rice, oats (any gram plants)
•Dicots/ Dicotyledons.
(Two seed leaves)
•Branching veins
•Flower parts come in 4’s or 5’s
•Vascular tissue in stem forms a pattern ring
EX: apple tree, orange trees, watermelons, lettuce
(Any non-grain plant)
Economic Importance of Plant
•Gymnosperms are used for wood and paper products
•Resin a waxy substance secreted by conifers is used for
chemicals, paint rarnish, soap and medicines
•Angiosperms form the basis of diets of most animals.
•Flax and cotton fibers are used to makes clothes
Ports of Complex Plants
•Roots are important because they support plants
through wind & rain. They also absorb water & nutrients.
•Stems support the move-mint of water and nutrients
between the leaves and roots. Three types of vascular
tissues are found in the stem:
•Xylem- transport water to the leaves (inside ring)
•Phloem- transports sugar form the leaves to the rest of
the plant (outside ring)
•Cambium- cell layer which produces new xylem &
phloem each year; found between, these two byres.
•Herbaceous- plants stems are soft and green.
•Woody- stems are hard and rigid.
Flower Definitions
•Sepal- proective outer part of a flower (leaves the protect the
bud)
•Stamens- make reproductive part of the flower
•Anther- produces pollen grains
•Filament- thin stem that supports the anther
•Pistil- female reproductive part of a flower
•Stigma- sticky fanlike growth where pollen grains sometime land
•Style- central part of pistil; supports stigma
•Ovary- in plants, these contain ovyles or eggs
•Pollen tube- grows from the pollen grain through the pistil allows
sperm to fertilize ovules to make seeds.
•Stomata- pores in leaver surfaces that allow, C0z (carbon
dioxide) to enter and h2O (water vapor) to leave
•Gvard Cells- cells that open & close stomata
•Palisade layer- cells near the least surface filled with chloroplasts
•Spongy layer- lower section of leaf with air pockets for C0z for
photosynthesis
•Transpirations- evaporation through plants
•Pollinations- transfer of pollen from stamen to stigmas.
•Germination- the develop-mint of a seed into a plant.
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Unit 7 Human Body Systems
5 Functions of the Skeletal System.
•Gives shape and support to the body
•Protects the internal organs
•Provides an attatchmen point for muscles
•Formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow
•Calcium and phosphorus are stored here
Penosteum- tough, tight-fitting membrane that contains blood
vessels that carry natvients to the bone.
Spongy bone- contains open spaces that make the bone light
weight.
Marrow- a fatty tissue that produces red and white blood cells
Cartilage- a thick, smooth rubbery layer of tissue that reduces
friction between bones
Ligament- though, elastic connective tissue (rubber band rope)
that joins bone to bone (ACL tear)
Tendon- connective tissue that that joins muscle to bone
1. Ball and socket joint
(EX: Sholder and hip)
2. Hinge joint
(EX: elbow and knee
3. Gliding joint
(EX: Wrist, vertebrae & neck)
4. Pivot joint
(EX: ferearim)
5. Suture Joint
(EX: Skull)
1st
Class lever
2nd
Class Lever
3rd
Class Lever
Muscles
Muscles are organs that contract to
perform a task, such as moving body
parts.
1.Voluntary Sketctal Muscles-those
that can be consciously controlled and
are attached to the skeleton
Ex: arm muscles
2. Involuntary Smooth Muscles cannot usually be
controlled; found in skin irises & the digestive tract
3. Cardiac Muscles- heart muscle which is in like other
muscles in that it generates it own electrical
Skin
Epidermis- Surface layer of skin made of
dead cells
Dermis- livings skin layer; contains blood
vessels and nerve endings
Melanin- pigment that gives skin its color
protects us from ultraviolet radiation
Crematory System
Arteries- thick elastic- walked blood vessels (tubes) that
move oxygen- rich blood away from the heart through
the body
Veins- flat blood vessels with one way valves that moves
carbon dioxide- rich blood back to the heart
Capillaries- microscopic blood vessels that connect
arteries and veins, oxygen, nutrients, and wastes; veins,
oxygen, nutrients are exchanged through capillary walls
Plasma- the liquid part of blood; made mostly of water
but also containing nutrients, minerals & oxygen; 90% of
blood is made from plasma.
Platelet- irregularly- shaped cell fragment that from clots
(scabs) when chemicals in torn or cut skin combine with
blood. Platelets stick together to from tiny threads of
fibrin which clog the wound.
Side view- skin; close up
•Skin torn
•Chemical in skin released
•Platelets from the threads of fibrin which clots the wound,
stopping blood loss
Your skin hair and nails make up the Intequmentory System.
The Lymphatic System
Generally speaking, it is responsible for re-absorbing liquids- from
your body’s tissues (lymphatic fluids.) These liquids are collected
into lymph vessels. Skeletal move slowly through these tubes.
Lymph nodes in your neck remove pathogens and dead cells, as
many white blood cells, are found there. Purified lymphatic flund
then drains into your neck veins.
The thymus just above the heart releases white blood
cells.
The spleen, located in the upper let abdomen, is the “oid
fitter” for dead red blood cells.
The tonsils are located at the back of the nasal (avity,
and help fight infection.
Hemoglobin- protein that allows red blood cells to carry
oxygen.
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Ch . 15 A Intro to Animals
Characteristics of all animals:
1) They all move some time in their lives
2) All use oxygen (O2) to get energy, by way of
respiration.
3) All are multi-celled
4) NO eukaryotic
5) NO cell walls or chlorophyll
Sponges (Porifer)
•Porifer a means “pore bearing” in Latin Sponges are animals with
simple body plans.
•Sponges have no organs or organ systems. They live in water.
Sponges are sessile (don’t move around as adults
Sponges- fitter feeders
*They are ocean’s vacuum cleaners
Spicules- sharp needle- like structures
insides sponges that give them shape and
support.
Sponge Reproduction
Sponges can reproduce asexually by budding or regeneration. They can also reproduce
sexually. They are hermaphrodites and can produce both sperm and egg develops into a
larva, which shims around until it settles to grow into a sponge.
Larva- immature organism that doesn’t have the abilities of grown adults.
Symmetry- the way an organism repeats itself in its design.
Bilateral symmetry- left & right sides are identical hoo.com
Radial symmetry- where on organism can be split into several equal parts in a circular
manner. EX: starfish, jellyfish, sand dollar, sea anemone, sea urchin
Asymmetrical- (without symmetry) organism cannot be
divided equally EX: fiddler crab
Cnidarians
Cnidarians is Greek for stinging nettles “These animals have
tentacles with nematocysts, cells which shoot a stinger and poison
into other organisms
EX: of cnidarians: Jellyfish, sea anemones, and the Perfumes Man O’War
Cnidarians can come in medusa (bell-shaped) form, Jelly fish or polyp from (Corals)
Echinoderms
Echinoderm mean “spiny Skin.” EX: Sea stars, sea urchin, sand
dollar, and sea cucumbers. Their bodies are supported by calcium
plates.
Starfish have a water voscubr system where water is
pumped causing suction in the tube feet.
WORMS
1. Platyhe;minther (flatworms)
Planarians- have eye spots and move with cilia: they
Have great regenerative abilities
Flukes- parasites that grow in the liver
Tapeworms-parasites live in the intestines
2. Nematodes (roundworms)
Heartworms- commonly found in dogs, they clog arteries and cause death
Trichinella can coves a disease trichinosis, obtained by eating undercooked
park.
3. Annelids (aka annelid, which means “little ring.” these are segmented worms)
Earthworms have repeated body parts in their segments.
Setae- bristles on worms that helps them move
Aortic Arches- earthworms have spoirs (10 total of these hearts that pomp
blood
Crop- storage sac where flood is kept until digested
Gizzard- muscular stitch where tiny stones help break up food.
Leeches are parasitic segmented worms drain blood from animals. They have
an anesthetic saliva- it numbs the skin so it can brite the host w/c alerting it.
The saliva also acts as an anticoagulant, keeping the blood from clothing.
Polychaetes are segmented marine worms. There are more polecats than any
other kind of segmented worm.
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Q: #1 Discuss the 6 kingdoms and give an example of each.
Final Exam Review
1. Archacbacteria: thrive in hostile environments; no competition for resources
when reproducing they make exact copies: very poor at adopting to change;
prokaryotic; otic; simple organisms with no membrane-bound organelles:
Types include Methanogens holophotes, & Thermoascidophiles
EX: honoarchaeum Equitom
Eubacteria- thrive easily; mostly harmless; decomposers; include
cyanobacterria; they are producers and consumers and rarely cause disease
EX: escheria coli
Protists: eukaryotic; single or multicolor; Specialized membrane- bound organelles;
comprised of consumers and producers: more complex then monerans ( bacteria) 3
types: Plant like (algae) Animal like (algae) Fungus like (
)
EX: amoeba protease
Fungus: saprophytes that grow on decaying malted as they absorb nutrients; they are
eukaryotic and have cell walls; made of tubes called hyphae; reproduce using-spores;
lack chlorophyll
EX: Truffle
Plants: Characterized by the presence of chlorophyll and cell walls; eykary otic malt
celled; reproduce with seed and spores; have specialized fissures; use photosynthesis
to make food as producers
EX: onions
Animals: highly complex eukaryotic, multicolor consumers
EX: canis familiars
#2 Discuss and give examples of plant and 2 animal adaptations
Q: #2 Adaptations
Animal behaviors
•Polar bear hibernate thro the winter without food this shows metabolism and allows
them to survive
•During winter snakes gutter in groups for self defense they do this be souse they are
cold-blooded. In wind cats, move mint along the ground trigger a hunting instinct
Animal Physical Adaptations
•Basting (2 humps) and Dromedary (1 hump) camels have unusually long eye lashes
that protect their eyes from sand.
•A beaver’s teeth grow on wood constantly or their teeth grow too long and they will
starve to death.
•They arctic have changes its for color to white in the winter to ported it from predators.
It’s for is brown in the summer.
Plant Adaptations
•Cactus have a very thick cuticle which keeps it from drying out- Spines are modified
leaves to protect them from animals.
•Cypress trees have wide roots that keep them from falling over in the swung ocean.
•Kept plant have special leaves filled with gas to hold the organism upright.
Q: #3 Discuss what food chains, food webs and energy pyramids are and why they are
important.
•A food chain is a simple model that shows limited relationships between predator and
pray in a habitat.
•A food web is more extensive in that it shows multiple relation. Ship on multiple levels.
•An energy pyramid in addition to showing the above also includes population levels and
fetal energy available in the system. All are import tent because they show how all
organisms are interdependent.
Ch. 15B Arthropods and Mollusks
Arthropod means “jointed foot.” These organisms make up largest group of animals.
They have a nervous system similar to annelids but with a larger brain. Arthropods have
an exoskeleton (hard outer shell to which muscle attach; acts as to armor to protect
organism) It is made up of chitin (the substance that makes up fingernails.) Because
expand they are shed as the arthropod grows-this is called molthing.
Insects
Insects have 3 body regions the head, thorax and addomen.
Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly. Compound eye are used to
detect color and motion. Antennas are used to detect smell and touch.
Chemicals that are used to send massages ate called pheromones. Insects
have an open circulatory system. They absorb oxygen through soiracles.
Metamorphosis- changes in body from during a life cycle. Metamorphosis is
controlled by the animal.
EX: butter flies and moths
Arachnids
Arachnids have 8 legs and two body segments. They do not have true
antennae.
EX: spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites are examples.
Other Arthropods
Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment. They are
fast hunters.
Top down View
Millipedes have two pairs of legs per segment. They are
slow grazers.
Side view
Same centipedes and millipedes poisonous.
Mollusk means “Soft bodied” in Latin. This refers to soft bodied
animals that usually have shells. They usually have shells. They usually have
bilateral symmetry and are found on land and in water. They have three body
sections: foot, matte, and visceral mass.
The montle is the layer of tissue that makes a shell or protects the
body. It covers the visceral mass (aunts) where the organs are located. All
mollusk have a muscular foot for movement. Most have and open crematory
system.
Snail
Clam
Foot
visc. Mass
Squid
mantle
There are three major classes of mollusks: cephalopods, gastropods,
and bivalves
1. Gastropod means “belly footed.” This group includes snails, slugs, abalones,
whells, sea slugs and conches. They are sometimes called univalves if they
have one shell snails obtain food with a rasp-like tongue called a radula: they
scrape algae off of rocks. Land- based gastropods have glands that produce a
loyal of mucous that they slide along in. (the mucous contains little water)
2. Bivalves “two shells” (pelecypod- hatchet footed) These mollusks have a two
part shell joined by a hinges. Clams, mussels, oysters and scallops are
bivalves. They close their shells with story muscles which we eat. Bivalves
protect them selves:
Mollusk
Clams + mussels
Scallops
Oysters
Behavior
dig and hide
clap shells and swim away
cement them selves together
3. Cephalopod means “head footed.” Cephalopods are specialized, complex
and
intelligent animals.
EX: squid, octopi, cuttlefish and the nautilus
Cattle fish use chromatopores ( Skin cells that change color) to communicate.