Transcript CLASSIFICATION 2014 Honors Bio

CHAPTER 18
CLASSIFICATION (Taxonomy)
THE SIX KINGDOMS
HISTORY OF TAXONOMY
 TAXONOMY –BRANCH OF BIOLOGY
THAT NAMES AND GROUPS
ORGANISMS ACCORDING TO THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS AND
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
ARISTOTLE
 TWO KINGDOMS HE KNEW WERE
PLANT AND ANIMAL
 WHY?
 USED COMMON NAMES TO DESCRIBE
ORGANISMS;
 PROBLEM – COMMON NAMES NOT
THE SAME WORLDWIDE OR EVEN
REGION WIDE
ARISTOTLE
 LATIN THE LANGUAGE USED TO
NAME ORGANISMS
 LATIN – LANGUAGE OF SCHOLARS
LINNAEUS The Father of
Taxonomy
 CAROLOS LINNAEUS –SWEDISH
BOTANIST/NATURALIST –
 DEVISED A SYSTEM OF GROUPING
ORGANISMS INTO HIERARCHIAL
CATEGORIES
 USED ORGANISM’S MORPHOLOGY TO
CATEGORIZE IT
Three Domain System
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Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya
A domain is a broad group that living
things are classified into on the basis
of mRNA analysis.
LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
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KINGDOM – LARGEST CATEGORY
PHYLUM – SUBSET OF KINGDOM
CLASS – SUBSET OF PHYLUM
ORDER – SUBSET OF CLASS
FAMILY – SUBSET OF ORDER
GENUS – SUBSET OF FAMILY
SPECIES – SINGLE ORGANISM TYPE
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
 TWO-NAME NAMING SYSTEM
 LATIN
 SCIENTIFIC NAME – GENUS AND
SPECIES NAME
 EX: Drosopholus melongaster
 CAPITALIZE GENUS NAME, SPECIES
NAME IS LOWER CAPS;
 UNDERLINE OR PUT IN ITALICS;
MODERN CLASSIFICATION
 MODERN TAXONOMISTS AGREE THAT
THE PHYLOGENY OR
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF AN
ORGANISM BE USED TO CLASSIFY
AN ORGANISM.
 SYSTEMATICS – ORGANIZES THE
TREMENDOUS DIVERSITY OF LIVING
THINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF
EVOLUTION
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
 A FAMILY TREE THAT SHOWS THE
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
THOUGHT TO EXIST AMONG GROUPS
OF ORGANISMS.
 REPRESENT A HYPOTHESIS
 BASED ON SEVERAL LINES OF
EVIDENCE
Phylogenetic Tree
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
 EVALUATE AN ORGANISMS
MORPHOLOGY BASED ON:
 SIMILAR LIVING ORGANISMS
 POSSIBLE ANCESTRAL ORGANISMS
IN FOSSIL RECORD
 DNA
 EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
CHROMOSOMES &
MACROMOLECULES
 MOLECULAR CLOCK – THE NUMBER
OF AMINO ACID DIFFERENCES IS A
CLUE TO HOW LONG AGO TWO
SPECIES DIVERGED FROM A SHARED
EVOLUTIONARY ANCESTOR;
Molecular Clock
KARYOTYPE COMPARISON
 REGIONS OF CHROMOSOMES THAT
HAVE THE SAME PATTERN OF
BANDING ARE CLUES TO THE
DEGREE OF RELATEDNESS OF
ORGANISMS;
CLADISTICS
USES SHARED DERIVED
CHARACTERISTICS TO ESTABLISH
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS;
DERIVED CHARACTER – FEATURE
THAT APPARENTLY EVOLVED IN THE
GROUP UNDER CONSIDERATION;
EX. BIRD FEATHERS EVOLVED WITHIN
BIRDS AND NO OTHER GROUP;
DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS
 STRONG EVIDENCE OF COMMON
ANCESTRY BETWEEN ORGANISMS
THAT SHARE THEM;
 CLADOGRAMS – DIAGRAMS MADE
FROM CLADISTIC ANALYSIS THAT
SHOW ANCESTRY
Cladogram
Cladogram
CLADISTICS CONCLUSIONS
 LEAD TO NONTRADITIONAL
CONCLUSIONS:
 BIRDS, CROCODILES & ALLIGATORS
ARE MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO
EACH OTHER THAN TO SNAKES OR
LIZARDS;
 REPTILES ARE A COMPOSITE OF
SEVERAL BRANCHES OF
VERTEBRATES;
THE MODERN SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION
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SIX KINGDOM SYSTEM:
ARCHAEBACTERIA
EUBACTERIA
PROTISTA
FUNGI
PLANTAE
ANIMALIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
 UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES
 DISTINCTIVE CELL MEMBRANES
 UNIQUE BIOCHEMICAL & GENETIC
PROPERTIES
 AUTOTROPHIC (CHEMOSYNTHETIC)
 LIVE IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS
 “ANCIENT” BACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
 THERMOACIDOPHILES – HIGH HEAT
AND LOW PH, LIVE IN HOT SPRINGS,
 HALOPHILES – SALT-LOVERS, LIVE
IN DEAD SEA, GREAT SALT LAKE
 METHANOGENS – LIVE IN
INTESTINAL TRACTS OF ANIMALS,
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS,
PRODUCE METHANE CH4
EUBACTERIA
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“TRUE” BACTERIA
UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES
MOST AEROBIC
CAN BE:
 HARMLESS
 PATHOGENIC
ARCHAEBACTERIA & EUBACTERIA
 REPRODUCE BY BINARY FISSION
 RAPID EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
 I.E., ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
PROTISTA
 EUKARYOTIC
 MOSTLY SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS
 REQUIRE WATER (MOISTURE) TO
LIVE
 EX. Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium,
Water molds, Slime molds, Algae
 Catch-All Kingdom
Fungi
 Eukaryotic
 External Heterotrophs
 Secrete enzymes to break down food
source & absorb food into body of
fungi
 Unicellular (yeast)
 Multicellular (mushrooms)
 Cell walls made of chitin
Plantae
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Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
Multicellular
Non motile
Cell walls with cellulose
Photosynthesis to obtain energy
Food stored as starch
Reproduce sexually
Plantae Non Vascular Plants
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Lack vascular tissue
Lack true roots, stems, leaves
Low growing
Absorb water and nutrients
Mosses
Ferns
Plantae Vascular Plants
 True roots, stems, leaves
 Water moves upward from roots
Gymnosperms
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Conifers
Seeds born on cones
Mostly wind pollinated
Evergreen
Pines, spruce, fir, cedar, cypress,
sequoia
Angiosperms
 Flowering plants
 Seeds develop within enclosed
ovaries
 Leaves modified into flowers,
 Flowers pollinated by wind or animals
Angiosperms – Flowering Plants
 Two Divisions:
 Monocotyledons (monocots) – single seed
leaf
 Lilies, corn
 Dicotolyledons (dicots) – two seed leaves
 Rose, maples,
Animalia
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Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Multicellular
Movement
Organized into tissues and organs
(most animals)
Animalia Invertebrates
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Porifera – sponges
Cnidaria – jellyfish, corals
Platyhelminthes – tapeworms
Nematoda – roundworms
Annelida – segmented worms
earthworms
Mollusca – oysters, snails, octupus
Arthropoda – spiders, crabs, bugs
Echinodermata – sea stars
Animalia Vertebrates
 Phylum Chordata
 Urochordata – sea squirt
 Cephalochordata - lancelets
 Vertebrata – fish, sharks, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, mammals
What is a Chordate?
 In some stage of its life:
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Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Notochord
Pharyngeal pouches
Tail extending beyond anus