Transcript Integrated Pest Management for Controlling Tea Pests in Indonesia

Boy Valenza Damiri
([email protected])
Objective
 to formulate the integrated pest management for
controlling the common tea pests in Indonesia.
Introduction
 Indonesia is the world's fifth largest tea producer in
the world after India, China, Srilanka, and Kenya
(Suprihatini, 2005).
 In 2002, total tea production of this country was about
5.7 % from total tea production in this world
(3.062.072 tons)
(International Tea Committee/ITC, 2003 in Suprihatini, 2005).
 Sources:
http://picasaweb.google.com/adeenasreen/BandungDanTamanSafariCisaruaIndonesia#522652235757
9182226 ; http://my-indonesia.info/page.php?id=875&ic=1130;
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/5958158.jpg
 The productivity of tea plantation in Indonesia is still
unstable (Indonesian Export Bank, 2008).
 This condition influences the productivity of tea
export volume from Indonesia to the world
(Indonesian Export Bank, 2008).
Table 1. Fluctuation of tea export in Indonesia
Periods
Tea export volume
(tons/ year)
Rate of Reduction from the
Previous Year
2001
107,144
-
2002
100,184
6.49
2003
88,894
11.27
2004
98,572
-10.89
2005
102,389
-3.87
2006
90,000
12.09
Source: Data of Ministry of Agriculture-Indonesia (2001-2006) in Bank Ekspor Indonesia (2007).
 The bad management of controlling pests in the field will
decrease the yield and the quality of tea leaves due to pests
attacks.
Table2. Pests attacking Tea Plants
No
Common name
Order
1
Tea mosquito bug
Hemiptera
2
Tea Green Leafhopper
Homoptera
3
Aphids
Homoptera
4
Scale Insect
Homoptera
5
Tea tortix
Lepidoptera
6
Inchworm
Lepidoptera
7
Tea Flushworm
Lepidoptera
8
Cluster Caterpillar
Lepidoptera
9
Case worms
Lepidoptera
10
Red Borer
Lepidoptera
12
Nettle Caterpillar
Lepidoptera
13
Thrips
Thsanoptera
14
Termites
15
Mites
Isoptera
Acari
Sources: Zeiss and Braber, (2001), Simanjuntak (2002), Karmawati and Mardiningsih (2005), Widayat and Winasa (2006)
 Helopeltis antonii, Empoasca flavescens,Homona
coffearia, Brevipalpus phoenicis, Cydia leucostoma are
the most common tea pests in Indonesia
(Simanjuntak, 2002; Oomen, 1982).
Table. 3 The most Tea Pests in Indonesia
No
Common name
Scientific Name
Family
Order
Miridae
Hemiptera
Cicadellidae
Homoptera
1
Tea mosquito bug
Helopeltis antonii
2
Tea Green Leafhopper
Empoasca flavescens
3
Tea totrix
Homona coffearia
Torticidae
Lepidoptera
4
Tea flushworm
Cydia leucostoma
Torticidae
Lepidoptera
5
Scarlet Tea Mite
Brevipalpus phoenicis
Tenuipalpidae
Acari
Sources: Zeiss and Braber, 2001 ; Simandjuntak, 2002
Helopeltis antonii
(Mosquito bug)
BIOLOGY:
 Female lays eggs hidden inside young stems
 There are five instars during the nymph stage
 The nymph stages live on a bud or at the young leaves
 The adults can live for 8 - 13 days
 Period for a generation: 17-35 days*
 There are about 8 generations per year.
 Nymphs and adults of Helopeltis are the most important
stages which damage the tea plants.
Source: Zeiss and Braber (2001)
BEHAVIOURS:
 The population of this pest will increase rapidly at
rainy season.
 Adults and Nymphs are more active during the cooler
parts of the day (in early morning, late afternoon, or
just after rains).
 They hide under the tea leaves during the hottest time
of the day.
Source: Zeiss and Braber (2001)
Symptoms

Sources (Starting from the top-left side picture, clockwise rotation)
Suh-Neu Hsiao et al. (1983) in Zeiss and Braber (2001) ; Zeiss and Braber (2001) ; Simanjuntak (2022)
Empoasca flavescens
(Tea Green Leafhopper)
BIOLOGY:
 Female lays eggs inside the soft tissue of new tea buds,
particularly in the internode
 There are four instars during the nymph stage
 The nymph stages live on the under side of tea leaves, they
sometimes climb onto the surface of young leaves to feed
 The adults can life for 14 - 21 days
 There are about 10 generations per year.
 Nymphs and adults of E.flavescens are the most important stages
which damage the tea plants.
Sources: Zeiss and Braber (2001) ; Simanjuntak (2002)
BEHAVIOURS:
 E. flavescens do not like direct sunlight and therefore
prefer to stay on the underside of the leaves
 Too much rain or too dry weather are not favorable for
the development of the insect.
 This insect is most damaging during the period
between dry season and rainy
Sources: Simanjuntak (2002) ; Zeiss and Braber (2001)
Symptoms
Sources: Simanjuntak (2002 ; Zeiss and Braber (2001)
Homona coffearia
(caterpillar)
BIOLOGY:
 Female lays eggs on the upper surfaces of leaves
 Larvae hatch from eggs and start feeding on the young leaves,
 Older larvae can be found inside the rolled and tied leaves
 The pupa is found inside the nest.
 Period for a generation : 35-63 days*
 There are about 8 generations per years
 Larvae are the most important stages which damage the tea
plants.
Sources: Zeiss and Braber (2001) ; Van Der Gest and Evenhuis (1991).
BEHAVIOURS:
 The larvae feed on tea young leaves and make “nests”
by connecting leaves with silk threads, sometimes of
one leaf rolled up, or sometimes of two or more leaves
together
 H.cofferia is most abundant in dry weather
Sources: Simanjuntak (2002) ; Van Der Gest and Evenhuis (1991).
Homona Infestation
Source: Simanjuntak (2002)
Cydia leucostoma
(caterpillar)
 Female lays eggs on the undersides of mature tea leaves
 Eggs will hatch after 5 - 10 days*
 Caterpillars hatch from eggs and move from older leaves into




young leaves and feed inside.
Older caterpillars make nests (for pupa) gradually by folding the
side of young leaves.
The pupa is found inside the nest.
There are about 8 generations per years
Larvae are the most important stages which damage the tea
plants.
Sources: ; Van Der Gest and Evenhuis (1991) ; Simanjuntak (2002)
BEHAVIOURS:
 The larvae will make a tight leaf roll of the bud and top
leaves of a young shoot (flush) gradually by folding the
side of leaves.
 C. Leucostoma is most abundant in dry weather
 Imago is usually active in morning- afternoon
(between 8.00 – 15.00 o'clock)
Sources: Van Der Gest and Evenhuis (1991) ; Simanjuntak (2002)
Special notes for this pest:
 The important stage attacking tea plant is the larval
stage
 This caterpillar tea by making tight rolls of the bud
and top leaves of young shoots.
 In addition to reducing the yield of tea, infestation of
this species affects the quality of tea
Sources: Tamaki (1991) ; Simanjuntak (2002)
Cydia Infestation
Source: Simanjuntak (2002)
Brevipalpus phoenicis
(Scarlet Tea Mite)
 Female lays eggs in cracks, or any protected areas on the





plant surface.
Nymphs and adults are usually concentrated on the lower
surfaces of leaves, especially at the leaf base and the petiole
Adults live for 30 days or more
Period for a generation: 20-47 days*
There are about 8 generations per years
Nymphs and adults are the most important stages which
damage the tea plants.
Source: Zeiss and Braber (2001)
BEHAVIOURS:
 B. phoenicis damage the undersurface of tea leaves by
sucking the sap from tea leaves causing dead brown
patches along the midvein and the petioles, dead
brown patches along the outside edges of the leaves
and in severe, causing the leaves fall off
 The populations especially increase during the dry
seasons
Sources: Oomen (1982) ; Zeiss and Braber (2001)
Brevivalpus Infestation
Source: Cranham (1966) in Zeiss and Braber (2001)
IPM for Controlling The Tea Pests
Five elements of the IPM
 Cultural control,
 Sampling and monitoring,
 Calculating economic levels,
 Using less insecticides,
 Releasing the natural enemies.
Source: Watson et al. (1975)
Cultural Control
 Growing strong tea crops
 Plucking the damaged plant parts frequently
 Annual Pruning
 Managing the harvesting periods
 Planting and managing the shade trees
 Eliminating The Alternative Trees
 Eliminating the weeds
 Spraying the leaves with water or soap Solution
Source: Zeiss and Braber (2001); Simanjuntak (2002)
Table 4. The Alternative Plants and Weeds for Helopeltis sp in Vietnam
No
Plant names (Common names)
Scientific names
1
Guava
Psidium guajava
2
Oak
Quercus sp
3
Melastoma
Melastoma sp.
4
Thoroughwort
Eupatorium sp.
5
Day Flower
Commelina sp.
6
Cocoa
Theobroma cacao
7
Sesbania
Sesbania cannibina
8
Quinine
Cichona sp.
9
Jackfruit
Artocarpus heterophylla
10
Cashew
Anacardium occidentale
11
Ageratum weeds
Ageratum sp
Source: Zeiss and Braber (2001)
Table 5. The Alternative Plants and Weeds for Tea Scarlet Mite in Vietnam
No
Plant names (Common names)
Scientific names
1
Rose
Rosa sp
2
Rose Mallow
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
3
Geranium
Pelargonium zonale
4
Aster
Aster amellus
5
Banana
Musa paradisiaca
6
Papaya
Carica papaya
7
Passion fruit
Passiflora edulis
8
Albizzia-Shade trees
Albizzia falcata
9
Citrus
Citrus sp
10
Flamingo flower
Anthurium sp
Source: Zeiss and Braber (2001)
Sampling and Monitoring
MONITORING THE PESTS POPULATIONS
 Random sampling method:
 moving diagonally across the field
 by sampling the leaves or buds
 By sweeping the mobile pests
Source: Watson et al. (1975)
MONITORING THE NATURAL ENEMIES:
 By using Sticky Suction Traps
 Placed among the rows of tea bushes with the fan-side
opening 5 cm above the plucking surface of the tea
bushes
 By using Sex Pheromones
 For Monitoring or For Mass Trapping
 H. coffearia: dodecyl acetate, dodecanol, and (E)-9dodecenyl acetate at the ratio of 49:15:36
 C. leucostoma: (Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate
Sources: Takagi (1978) in Van Der Gest and Evenhuis (1991) ; Kochansky et al. (1978) in Van DerGest
and Evenhuis (1991) ; Arn et al. (2000).
Calculating the Economic Levels
 Determined by sampling data
 Helopeltis (5% infestation),
 Homona, Cydia, and Empoasca (5 infested rolls & Tea
tortrix per bush),
 Red spider mites (4 mites per leaf), Pink & purple
mites (5 mites per leaf)
Source: Muraleedharan (2002).
Using Less Pesticides
 Avoiding for using broad-spectrum pesticides
 Using selective pesticides
 Metemidofas for controlling Helopeltis
 Dicofol for controlling Brevipalpis
 Spraying with solutions of soap plus water for
controlling Brevipalpis and Empoasca,
 Time of Spraying
Sources: Zeiss and Braber (2001) ; Simanjuntak (2002) ; Atmadja (2003) ; Setyamidjadja (2000)
Using Natural Enemies
 H.antonii
 By using Erythmelus helopeltidis
 50%-80% (India)
 E. flavescens
 By using Beauveria bassiana
 39%-50% (China)
Sources: Muraleedharan (2002) ; Feng et al. (2003)
Image Sources: ponent.atspace.org ; www.uoguelph.ca
 H.antonii and E.flavescens
 Web spinning spider
(Family Araneidae,
Tetragnathidae, Ordo
Araneae, Arachnida)
 Jumping spider (Familiy
Salticidae, Ordo Araneae,
Arachnida)
Sources: Simanjuntak (2002) ; Patang (2004)
 H.coffearia
 By using Macrocentrus homonae (nixon)
 Over 80% (Srilanka)
 C. leucostoma
 By using Bracon hebetor
 Low result (India)
 B.phoenicis
 By using Amblyseius deleoni
 13%-37% (Indonesia)
Sources: Gadd (1941) in Eden (1976) ; Cranham (1961) in Van Der Gest and Evenhuis (1991) ;
Subbiah (1995) ; Oomen (1982)
Image Sources: Simanjuntak (2002) ; www.biofac.com ; www.ladybirdplantcare.co.uk
Standard Operational Procedures for Controlling The Tea Pests in Indonesia
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