Transcript Temperate Deciduous Forest

Biomes of the World
Classified based on temperature, precipitation and adapted
plants and animals for the region.
Shrubs and sedges- extreme winters with
very short growing season.
Needle-leaf evergreens for short growing season and
tough winters
Grasslands due to too little moisture for woody plants
Arid shrub/thorn scrub of the hot and dry desert
Deciduous- seasonal leaves due to colder winters
Broadleaf evergreen- lots of sunlight and moisture
Tundra
Coniferous Forest
Grasslands
Desert
Deciduous Forest
Tropical Rainforest
Temperature and Precipitation
Latitude and Altitude
How
Humans
USE the
biomes
Tropical Rainforest
 Warm and wet -250cm of rain per year
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to about 450 cm/year. The average
annual temperature is above 20° C
(never a frost)
tropics, a band around the equator from
23.5° N (the Tropic of Cancer) to 23.5°
S (the Tropic of Capricorn)
Highest biodiversity; over 7900 in one
forest and especially 90% of all primates
live here.
The warmth leads to a lot of
evaporation, and as warm, moist air
rises, it cools, the water condenses, and
the water falls back to the earth as
rain.
Threats-animal poaching, sustenance
farming, human population growth,
Industrialized agriculture, logging
and other minerals and resources
being removed for human use.
Tropical Rainforest
• Tropical forest is broken up into
FIVE distinct forest layers.
• The buttresses from the large
emergent trees support the
height of these enormous trees.
• Poor soil due to chemical
weathering from moisture and
from so much vegetation
removing the nutrients from the
soil.
• Found along equatorial zones.
Buttress roots
Savanna
• The term savanna or campos or llano
was originally used to describe the
treeless areas of south America.
• The climate of the savanna is
consistently warm and has two
distinct seasons; wet and dry
seasons.
• Covered with less woody trees, with
the exception of the Acacia Tree,
and has more grasses and shrubs
due to less rainfall.
• Subject to recurrent fires, the
dominant vegetation is fire adapted.
Acacia trees
Savanna
• The largest Savanna in the
world is in Africa and
surrounds the rainforest.
• Savanna animals are mostly
herbivore, grazing packs of
animals (60 different types)
along with the herd predators
such as lions, crocodiles, wild
dogs and cheetahs.
• Threats: Global climate
change (warmer and less rain),
agriculture, mining and
poaching.
Grasslands
 Dry climate 25-80cm of precipitation a
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year.
Also, grasslands tend to be in
temperate to subtropical areas, often
with cold winters and hot summers.
Found between deserts and forests.
In the northern hemisphere the main
grasslands are the prairies of the midwestern United States and Canada; in
Eurasia the maker grasslands are the
steppes of Russia and the grasslands
of the mid-east extending from Turkey
to India. Grasslands are also found in
South America.
A wide range of herbivores once
roamed these regions, mostly ungulates
(hooved animals).
Grasslands
• There are three main types of
dominant plant species; tall-grass,
mixed-grass and short-grass prairie
• Australia has four types of grasslands
based on amount of precipitation.
• 42% of the Earth used to be
grasslands, now less than 12%
remains due to conversion to
croplands.
Corporate Farming
• Threats: There are two major threats
to grasslands - conversion to
agriculture (or urban areas) and
global warming and its attendant
changes in precipitation. Also, mining,
animal poaching and development
Cattle industry
Desert
• These arid regions occupy 25-35% of earth’s
landmass.
• Temperate deserts have very hot summers and
winter nights can be extremely cold. Temperate
deserts lie in the rain shadows (Climate PP).
• Cool deserts have warm summer and cold
winters.
• Hot deserts are equatorial with extreme heat
year round throughout the day but can have
extremely cold evenings due to lack of cloud
cover.
• Polar Desert- Antarctica and the Arctic are
extremely cold deserts with very little annual
precipitation.
• Sahara is the world’s largest and covers
approximately 9 million km2 of N. Africa.
• Australia is classified as 40% desert.
Desert
• Precipitation is low, less than 12 cm
per year
• The average annual temperature is
less than 10° C.
• subtropical deserts- latitudes of 30°
North or South latitude (equator)
• Temperate deserts- "grassland" from
"desert".
• Locations from southern California,
North/central Africa, Central Asia and
central Australia
Subtropical deserts
• Threats-one of the biggest threats to
deserts is development (Now that we have
learned how to divert water; Ex: Las Vegas)
and animal poaching.
Technically the poles are classified
as deserts because they receive
under 12 cm of snow yearly
Temperate deserts
Mediterranean Shrub lands or Chaparral
• Most lie between 30 and 40° latitude.
• The climate is hot, drought-like
summers and cool, moist winters.
• The are five regions of Mediterranean
ecosystems including the semiarid of
W. US (Such as Southern
California), Mediterranean Sea,
Central Chile, cape of S. Africa and
SW Australia.
• The Chaparral is the shrub community
in N. America.
• About 65% of the precipitation falls
during the winter months.
• Animal life ranges from mule deer,
coyotes, many birds, as well as
kangaroos and wallabies.
Mediterranean Shrublands
• Vegetation includes broadleaf evergreen
shrubs and dwarf trees known as
sclerophllous (small leaves and hairy
stems).
• Largest regions surrounds the
Mediterranean Sea.
• The Mediterranean shrublands lack an
understory and ground litter and are
therefore very flammable.
• Fires are part of the cycles of the
shrubs, after the fires regrowth matures
and prepares for the next fire.
• Threats- Over development due to its
extremely sunny and pleasant climate
and forest fires.
Temperate Deciduous Forests
• In N. America, the deciduous forest
consists of several types ofbroad o
flat-leaf trees such as; Oaks, Maples,
Cherry Trees, Dogwoods, Birches as
well as a wide variety of ferns, flower
plants and shrubs.
• The N. American deciduous forest
extends from New York to Tennessee
and even northern Louisiana and
Mississippi.
• There are also Asiatic broadleaf
forests in eastern China, Japan, Taiwan
and Korea; as well as in New Zealand,
Tasmania, southern Australia.
Temperate Deciduous Forest
• Very hot summers to very cold winters.
• The average annual temperature ranges up to
about 20° C down to freezing.
• Precipitation ranges from around 50 cm yr in
the colder regions to over 200 cm/yr. (lakeeffect snows in the winter-until the lake
freezes).
• Broad-leaf vegetation; large and flat leaves with a
shrub layers and ground layer of herbs, ferns,
and mosses.
• Animals include small herbivores, deer, bear,
rabbits, mice, salamanders and several types of
birds as well as predators such as mountain lions,
foxes, bears and venomous snakes.
• Threats- Acid Rain, logging, human
population and development, global warming
also the soils are rich and easily converted to
agriculture
Taiga or Boreal Forest
• Climate in the taiga is cold, with average
annual temperatures from about +5° to 5° C
• 20 cm of precipitation per year to over 200
cm
• Growing season is short, usually less than 3
months.
• Broad bands across North America and
Eurasia (Russia/Siberia)
• Coniferous trees
• Threats-animal poaching, exploration and
development of oil and natural gas
reserves, development and logging is always
a threat however, most serious threat is
Global Warming which is causing death to
the trees and is changing the forest to a
Tundra.
Tundra
• In the tundra, conditions are cold, with an
annual average temperature less than 5° C,
and precipitation (mostly in the form of
snow) less than 100 mm per year (see figure
at right).
• The summer is brief, with temperatures
above freezing lasting for only a few weeks
at most.
• The ecology of the tundra is controlled by
the cold climate and the northern
latitude. The former means that a unique
soil structure, permafrost, forms and
dominates the biology.
• Lichens and mosses, willows, sedges and
grasses
• Other Threats-airborne pollutants, oil
and gas development , global warming