Transcript Ecology

ECOLOGY
ECOSYSTEMS
o AN ECOSYSTEM IS ALL THE
ORGANISMS THAT LIVE IN AN AREA
TOGETHER WITH THE NONLIVING
FACTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
o EX. POND OR PINE FOREST
o ECOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF HOW
ORGANISMS INTERACT WITH EACH
OTHER & THE PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
POPULATIONS
• ALL THE ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM
THAT BELONG TO THE SAME SPECIES
• EX. MICE LIVING IN A MEADOW OR
PINE TREES IN A FOREST
• SPECIES ARE A GROUP OF ORGANISMS
THAT CAN MATE TO PRODUCE
OFFSPRING THAT CAN PRODUCE MORE
OFFSPRING
• EX. BROWN PELICAN OR HUMAN
COMMUNITY
• ALL THE POPULATIONS OF
DIFFERENT SPECIES THAT LIVE IN
AN ECOSYSTEM & SHARE
RESOURCES
• EX. PINE TREE FOREST FORMS
A COMMUNITY WITH
POPULATIONS OF DEER, MICE,
RACCOONS, BACTERIA,
MUSHROOMS, & FERNS
PRACTICE
• FILL IN THE CIRCLE &
GIVE AN EXAMPLE AS WE
GO THROUGH
THE
NEXT
Biosphere
SLIDE
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
HABITAT
• HABITAT- THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT WHERE
AN ORGANISM LIVES THAT PROVIDES FOOD,
SHELTER, MOISTURE, & TEMPERATURE
NEEDED FOR SURVIVAL
• THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
EX. THE POLAR BEARS MAIN HABITAT IS
ON OFFSHORE PACK ICE, AND ALONG COASTS
AND ISLAND OF THE ARCTIC REGION.
GROUP TIME!
WHAT KINDS OF PLANTS & ANIMALS DO YOU
THINK YOU WOULD FIND LIVING IN THIS
HABITAT?
NICHE
THE UNIQUE WAYS AN
ORGANISM SURVIVES,
OBTAINS FOOD & SHELTER,
REPRODUCES, CARES FOR ITS
YOUNG, AND AVOIDS DANGER
(HOW IT HAS ADAPTED)
EX. POLAR BEAR NICHE
• LARGE FEET AND SHORT, SHARP, STOCKY
CLAWS ARE ADAPTATIONS TO THIS
ENVIRONMENT.
• THICK LAYER OF FAT UNDER A THICK FUR
TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM EXTREME
COLD TEMPERATURES
• POLAR BEARS DEPEND ON SEA ICE AS A
PLATFORM FOR HUNTING SEALS.
• EAT SEALS, WALRUS, & FISH
• CARE FOR YOUNG FOR 2 YEARS
INTERACTIONS WITHIN
COMMUNITIES
• ALL ORGANISMS NEED ENERGY
TO SURVIVE.
• THE SUN IS THE SOURCE OF
ENERGY THAT FUELS MOST LIFE
ON EARTH
FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
• TWO CATEGORIES OF ORGANISMS
• AUTOTROPHS ARE ORGANISMS THAT CAN
MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD FOR ENERGY BY
CAPTURING SUNLIGHT OR OTHER
CHEMICALS
• HETEROTROPHS CAN NOT MAKE THEIR
OWN FOOD FOR ENERGY & MUST OBTAIN IT
BY FEEDING ON ANOTHER ORGANISM
• 3 MAIN TYPES
• PRODUCERS (AUTOTROPHS)
• CONSUMERS (HETEROTROPHS)
• DECOMPOSERS (HETEROTROPHS)
PRODUCERS
• ORGANISMS THAT MAKE THEIR OWN
FOOD USING ENERGY FROM THE SUN &
RAW MATERIALS FROM THE
ENVIRONMENT
• MOST PRODUCERS ARE PLANTS
THAT USE THE PROCESS OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO MAKE FOOD
PHOTOSYNTHESI
S
• PLANTS USE CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER WITH
LIGHT-ENERGY IN THE PRESENCE OF
CHLOROPHYLL IN THE CHLOROPLAST OF THE
CELLS TO MAKE GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN
• DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY PRODUCES FOOD FOR
ALMOST ALL ORGANISMS
• PHYTOPLANKTON & ALGAE ALSO PLAY A HUGE ROLE AS
PRODUCERS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + SUNLIGHT
(CO2)
(H2O)
(ENERGY)
OXYGEN + GLUCOSE
(O2) (C6H1206)
CONSUMERS
• ORGANISMS THAT CANNOT MAKE THEIR
OWN FOOD & OBTAIN ENERGY BY EATING
OTHER ORGANISMS & CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
• THREE TYPES:
• HERBIVORES: EAT ONLY
PLANTS/PRODUCERS
• CARNIVORES: EAT ONLY ANIMALS
• OMNIVORES: EAT BOTH PLANT &
ANIMALS
CONSUMERS
DECOMPOSERS
• ORGANISMS THAT FEED ON THE
DEAD REMAINS OR WASTE
PRODUCTS OF OTHER
ORGANISMS TO OBTAIN ENERGY
• EX. BACTERIA, EARTHWORMS, & FUNGI
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• THE PURPOSE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS TO
RELEASE ENERGY THAT CAN BE USED BY CELLS
TO PERFORM THEIR SPECIALIZED FUNCTION
• CELLULAR RESPIRATION OCCURS IN THE MITOCHONDRIA
OF CELLS.
• THE MITOCHONDRIA USES GLUCOSE & OXYGEN AND
CONVERTS IT IN A CHEMICAL REACTION TO PRODUCE
CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER, AND ENERGY
OXYGEN + SUGAR
6O2
C6H1206
CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + ENERGY
6CO2
+ 6H2O
NITROGEN CYCLE
• THE MOVEMENT OF NITROGEN BETWEEN PLANTS,
ANIMALS, BACTERIA, SOIL, AND THE ATMOSPHERE.
• IMPORTANT PART OF CELLS, PROTEINS, AND DNA
• 78% OF ATMOSPHERE IS NITROGEN
• NITROGEN FIXATION- BACTERIA CHANGE NITROGEN
INTO AMMONIUM THAT IS USED BY PLANTS
• HUMANS HAVE ALTERED THE NITROGEN CYCLE BY
ADDING FERTILIZER TO SOIL.
• HTTPS://WWW.CLASSZONE.COM/BOOKS/ML_SCIENCE_
SHARE/VIS_SIM/EM05_PG20_NITROGEN/EM05_PG20_NI
TROGEN.SWF
NITROGEN CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
• FOUND IN ALL LIVING THINGS
• PLANTS REMOVE CO2 FROM THE ATMOSPHERE TO MAKE
CARBOHYDRATES (SUGARS).
• TRANSFERRED TO ANIMALS WHEN THE EAT THE PLANT
• ANIMALS RELEASE CO2 DURING RESPIRATION.
• RETURNS TO SOIL OR ATMOSPHERE WHEN THE ANIMAL
DIES AND DECAYS.
• HUMANS HAVE ALTERED THIS CYCLE BY BURNING FOSSIL
FUELS AND CUTTING DOWN TREES.
CARBON
CYCLE
HANDS UP, STAND UP, PAIR UP
1. COMPARE & CONTRAST
PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR
RESPIRATION & MAKE A LIST OF
WHAT YOU SEE?
2. HOW ARE THESE TWO
PROCESSES RELATED TO EACH
OTHER?
FOOD CHAINS
• A MODEL THAT SHOWS
THE FLOW OF ENERGY
THROUGH FEEDING
RELATIONSHIPS
AMONG ORGANISMS IN
A PARTICULAR
ECOSYSTEMS
FOOD WEBS
• A MODEL THAT LINKS THE ORGANISMS WITHIN AN
ECOSYSTEM BY HOW THEY DEPEND ON EACH OTHER
FOR FOOD.
• THE LINES DRAWN REPRESENT THE FLOW OF ENERGY
THROUGH THE ECOSYSTEM & SHOW A VARIETY OF
FOOD CHAINS
ENERGY PYRAMID
• AN ENERGY PYRAMID SHOWS THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
AVAILABLE AT EACH LEVEL OF A FOOD CHAIN.
• ONLY ABOUT 10% OF ENERGY IS PASSED TO NEXT
LEVEL.
• THE REST IS LOST AS HEAT.
PRODUCERS- BOTTOM LEVEL- HAVE THE MOST ENERGY
PRIMARY CONSUMERS- EAT PRODUCERS
SECONDARY CONSUMERS- EAT PRIMARY CONSUMERS
TERTIARY CONSUMERS- EAT SECONDARY CONSUMERS
ENERGY PYRAMID
ENERGY PYRAMID
1. What are the secondary consumers?
2. If there are 50,000 kcal available to the
giraffes, how many are available to the lions?
3. Why does the energy get lost at each level?
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
POPULATIONS
• COMPETITION: OCCURS WHEN MORE THAT
ONE INDIVIDUAL OR POPULATION TRIES TO
MAKE USE OF THE SAME LIMITED
RESOURCES
• EX. FOOD, WATER, OR SPACE
• PREDATION: TYPE OF FEEDING
RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH ONE ANIMAL
CAPTURES & EATS ANOTHER ANIMAL FOR
FOOD
• ANIMAL BEING EATEN IS THE PREY
• ANIMAL DOING THE EATING IS THE PREDATOR
• PREDATOR/PREY RELATIONSHIPS HELP KEEP
AN ECOSYSTEM IN BALANCE BY PREVENTING
ANY ONE POPULATION FROM GROWING TOO
LARGE
PREDATION