Transcript Unit 3.4 Animal Behaviour and Plant Responses

Unit 3.4 Animal Behaviour and Plant
Responses
AS 90716
External
4 Credits
Animal Behaviour and Plant Responses
1.
Environment – abiotic and biotic factors
2.
Plant Responses
1.
orientation (tropisms, nastic responses, taxes)
2.
Plant hormones
3.
Plant timing
3.
Animal behaviour
1.
Orientation (homing, migration)
2.
timing (annual, daily, lunar, tidal)
4.
interspecific relationships (predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, competition for resources)
5.
intraspecific relationships (territoriality, cooperative interactions, reproductive behaviours, hierarchical behaviour,
competition for resources).
Abiotic Factors
Physical factors of the environment
Light
 Photo



Intensity
colour
direction
duration
Gravity
?
 Geo-
 allows organisms to tell “up” from
“down” and their orientation in space
Temperature
 Thermo-
 average
 range
Water
 Hydro






humidity
soil moisture
speed of current
salinity
turbidity
depth
average rainfall
Current
 Rheo-
 many aquatic animals align themselves
with the direction of the current
Chemicals
 Chemo






inorganic nutrients
carbon dioxide & oxygen
saltiness and pH
poisons
macronutrients
micronutrients
pheromones
Touch
 Thigmo response to a solid object
Sound
 pitch
 loudness
 range
Pressure
 important in the ocean
 high in the air
 formation of weather patterns
Wind
 velocity
 gustiness
 direction
Substrate




rock
sand
mud
soil
Fire
can affect
 germination
 recycling of minerals
Some definitions
 Ecosystem – all living and physical factors in
a specified area
 Habitat – place / environment in which an
organism lives
 Limiting factor – any variable that limits the
activity of an organism or population
 Anthropomorphism – assigning human
attributes to animals
Niche
Organisms way of life or role in ecosystem
o opportunities of habitat
o adaptations of organism
• structural
• behavioural
• physiological
• life history
Gauses Principle
“ No two species with identical niches can co-exist
for long in the same place “
tolerance
Optimum Range - preferred environmental conditions
Zone of Physiological Stress – organism feels stressed
and uncomfortable
Upper and Lower limits of Tolerance – organism dies unable to tolerate conditions
Tolerance
Upper limit
Zone of
physiological
stress
Zone of
physiological
stress
Zone of
intolerance
Population
Zone of
intolerance
Lower limit of tolerance
Species
absent
Species
absent
Low
Factor
High
The Environment
 Abiotic factors
 Biotic factors
 Response of organisms to environment
 Response of organisms to abiotic factors
 Response of organisms to biotic environment
Biotic Environment
living factors of the environment
 Intraspecific relationships – within a species
 Interspecific relationships – between species
Intraspecific Interrelationships
 competition (for resources)
 reproduction
 aggresive (territories, hierarchies)
 co-operative (group defense / hunting)
Symbioses
Sp. A
Sp. B
mutualism
+
+
commensalism
+
0
neutrality
0
0
antibiosis (amensalism)
0
-
exploitation (predation, parasitism, herbivory)
+
-
competition
-
-
Relationship
Interspecific Interrelationships

competition (for resources)

predator/prey

plant/animal (grazers, browsers etc)

succession (replacement of species over time)

stratification (vertical eg forest layers)

zonation (horizontal eg shore zones)

animal/animal and plant/plant