Transcript File

Classification
of
Living Things
WHY CLASSIFY?
Identifies and names species
________________________________
Groups organisms in a logical manner
________________________________
REMEMBER
BIODIVERSITY is the total of
______________
all
the living things in an ecosystem.
_______________
SPECIES
A ___________
is a population of organisms
share similar characteristics
that ____________
____________ and
can breed with each other.
________
TAXONOMY
_______________
=
branch of biology that
names and groups organisms
What is the point in naming
and organizing organisms into
groups with biological
significance?
It helps make sense
______________
____________
of relationships!
An animal with feathers
BIRD . . . ?
Image from:
http://www.flagsplus.com/flags/21778_bird_collage.jpg
A good classification system:
places organisms in a group with
___
other
_________________________
organisms that are similar
Uses names that are UNIQUE
Can CHANGE as new data is discovered
Shows RELATIONSHIPS of organisms
(300 B.C.)
The first person to
group or classify
organisms was the
Greek teacher &
philosopher
ARISTOTLE
__________
more than 2000
years ago.
Aristotle’s system
By: Riedell
PLANTS:
Based on
_________
kind of stem
_________
ANIMALS:
Based
on where
_________
they
lived
_________
Problem: common names can vary
Example:
mountain lion
______________
puma
______________
catamount
______________
cougar
______________
. . . are all names
for the same animal
universally accepted scientific name
By using a _____________________________,
scientists can be sure they are discussing
the same organism
Common names vary
Chipmunk (English)
________
German
Streifenhornchen (______)
Italian
Tamia (______)
Spanish
Ardilla listada (______)
Common names can be misleading
Ex:
jellyFISH isn’t a fish,
A ________
seaHORSE is!
but a _________
Sea cucumber
plant
sounds like a _____
animal
but… it’s an ______!
Common names can be misleading
In the United Kingdom,
BUZZARD refers to a hawk
________
____
In the United States,
BUZZARD refers to a
________
vulture
______.
By mid 19th century,
scientists recognized that
using common names was
confusing.
Scientists agreed to use
____________
Latin and Greek to give a
single name to each
species.
EXAMPLE: RED OAK
Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis
setaceo-mucronatis
“oak with deeply divided leaves with
deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like
bristles”
PROBLEMS:
Names too hard and long to remember!
Different scientists described different
characteristics.
________________
Carl Linnaeus
comes to the rescue!
Swedish botanist who
devised a new
classification system
This system is still used
today!
(1707-1778)
Linnaeus’s System
Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy
of 8 different taxonomic levels
OR _________
TAXONS
Domain (Did)
Kingdom(King)
Phylum(Philip)
Class(Come)
Order(Over)
Family(For)
Genus(Good)
Species(Soup)
Binomial
Nomenclature
• The process of assigning each
organism a two-part scientific
name
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
(2-name naming system)
1st name = _______________
Genus
– Always CAPITALIZED
2nd name = _________________
species
–Always lower case
UNDERLINED or
Both names are ______________
ITALICS
typed in ____________.
GENUS = group of closely related
species
GENUS = _____
Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears)
Ursus
arctos
Ursus
maritimus
Ursus
americanis
unique to each kind of bear
SPECIES = ______________________
Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Levels of Taxonomy
(based on morphology)
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Bacteria
Archaea
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdoms
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Task: To complete the
“Classification of Living Things”
chart
*Zebra Pg. 502
Eubacteria
Archeabacteria
Crash Course Biology
Part 2
Use this video clip to check your
answers!
*
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*Bacteria
*Archaea
*Eukarya
*
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*
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*Classification
*grouping organisms in logical manner. Domain is the
broadest category/taxa
*Bacteria
*Archaea
*Eukarya
*Prokaryotes
*Prokaryotes
*eukaryotes
*unicellular
*unicellular
*uni or multi
*auto or hetero
*auto or hetero
*auto or hetero
*cell walls w/o pepti;
can live in harsh
enviros
*made up of 4
kingdoms
*cell walls with pepti
*Organisms are grouped by physical characteristics and
evolutionary history
MODERN EVOLUTIONARY
CLASSIFICATION
Modern Classification
• Linnaeus classified organisms according to
their morphology (how they looked).
• Today, we still use morphology, but we
also have DNA evidence as well as
phylogeny…
Phylogeny
• The study of an organism’s
evolutionary history
Cladistics
• A method of hypothesizing
relationships among organisms
Examples: (2 ways of saying the same thing)
– Phylogenetic Trees
– Cladograms
*We study
Phylogeny by
using Cladistics.
• Cladograms/Phylogenetic Trees
Hypothesize how things are related
– help scientists understand
how one lineage (group of
individuals descending from
a common ancestor) branched
from another
Video Clip: Cladograms
YouTube: Bozeman Science
Cladograms
Constructing a
Cladogram
How can methods of transportation be
organized using a cladogram?
Draw on your white board!
(don’t write the word “label”)
Directions:
• Complete the cladogram by filling in
each method of transportation:
– Bike
– Car
– Motorcycle
– Airplane
– Foot